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IGCSE Science > 10 Biology - Coordination and Response > Flashcards

10 Biology - Coordination and Response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Identify the components of the central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal chord

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2
Q

Identify the components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

motor and sensory neurons

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3
Q

What is the job of the nerve cells/neurones?

A

they carry electrical impulses from one place to another

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4
Q

Describe/label the structure of a neurone

A

http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/5d3d66ef622165ae607b3c02f6e603c524eececf.gif

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5
Q

What are receptors?

A

detect stimulus and creates an electrical signal in response

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6
Q

What are effectors?

A

Effectors are parts of the body - such as muscles and glands - that produce a response to a detected stimulus

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7
Q

Examples of effectors

A
  • a muscle contracting to move an arm
  • muscle squeezing saliva from the salivary gland
  • a gland releasing a hormone into the blood
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8
Q

Summarise how information flows from receptors to effectors in the nervous system

A

http://a.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zwqy4wx/small

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9
Q

What are reflex actions?

A

a way for the body to automatically and rapidly respond to a stimulus to minimise any further damage to the body, it follows general sequence and does not involve the brain

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10
Q

Describe the sequence of a reflex action

A
  • Receptor in the skin detects a stimulus (the change in temperature).
  • Sensory neurone sends impulses to relay neurone.
  • Motor neurone sends impulses to effector.
  • Effector produces a response (muscle contracts to move hand away).
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11
Q

What is a reflex arc? give an example

A

The nerve pathway followed by a reflex action

eg. when you touch something to hot & move quickly away

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12
Q

What are antagonistic pairs?

A

Muscles work in antagonistic pairs. This ensures that when a part of the body is moved, it can move back to its original position

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13
Q

Give examples of antagonistic pairs

A

the biceps and triceps in the arm

the quadriceps and hamstrings in the leg

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14
Q

What is a synapse?

A

It is a gap where two neurones meet
Allows impulse to go from one to another
Regulate electrical impulse

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15
Q

What is the eye?

A

It is a sense organ that responds to light

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16
Q

Label and describe the function of each of the structures in the eye

A

http://a.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/z2xgd2p/large

17
Q

What is the retina?

A

Where light passes through the eyeball

18
Q

What is the light that enters the eye controlled by?

A

A reflex action

19
Q

How does the eye change when going from dark to bright light and then back to dark? What type of response is this?

A

The iris controls the amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil

This a reflex action

20
Q

Describe what happens when you are looking at an object far away then focus on an object close to you

A

FAR CLOSE
Refraction of light is -less -more
Ciliary muscles -relax -contract
Ligaments -stretch -relax
Lens become -tall & thin -short & fat

21
Q

Describe the differences between each type of neurone

relay, sensory, motor

A
  • In motor neurone body is at the end, in relay & sensory it is in the middle
  • Only motor has nodes of ranvier
  • Relay doesn’t have myelin sheath
  • Motor connected to muscle
22
Q

If you put your hand on something hot you will react. Describe this in terms of a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor receives a stimulus & converts it into an electrical impulse
  2. Sensory neurone carries it to CNS, signal passes via a synapse (gap, regulates nervous impulse) to relay
  3. Relay neurone carries it slowly across spine
  4. Motor neurone carries impulse from CNS to reflector
  5. Effector carries out an action(response) to deal with stimulus
23
Q

Why don’t relay neurones have a myelin sheath?

A

Myelin sheath allows messages to be sent faster, if the relay neurones don’t have it allows the action to be modified as it if slower

24
Q

What is a hormone & what is its function?

A

Hormones are chemical substances (made of proteins) that help to regulate processes in the body
They are secreted by glands & travel to target organs in the bloodstream

25
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

system that contains hormones glands

26
Q

How do hormones get to their target organs?

A

through bloodstream and tissue fluid

27
Q

Name the main glands & the hormones they produce

A
  • Pituitary gland: human growth horm., trophic and antidiuretic hormone
  • Thyroid gland: Thyroxine
  • Adrenal glands: adrenaline
  • Pancreas: insulin & glucagon
  • Testis: testosterone
  • Ovary: oestrogen and progesterone
28
Q

Compare coordination by the nervous system & hormone system

A

nervous system responds rapidly to short-term changes

hormone system brings long-term adaptations

29
Q

What is the role of adrenaline in the body

A

It prepares the body for rapid activity by providing muscles with more glucose & oxygen
(increases heart rate, deeper more rapid breathing, pale skin bc blood is diverted away)

30
Q

What can cause adrenaline to be released?

A

When the body is given a shock

31
Q

Define homeostasis

A

It is the maintenance of a constant internal environment
Keeps blood, glucose, and water levels
If not maintained you may become ill

32
Q

Define negative feedback

A

Taking something to its normal level

33
Q

Draw negative feedback diagram to show how the body regulates body temp

A

Normal temp(37)—exercise–temp increase–vasodilation–sweating–temp decrease–normal temp

Normal temp–winter–temp decrease–vasoconstriction–shivering/goosebumps–temp increase–normal temp

34
Q

Draw negative feedback diagram to show how the body regulates glucose level

A

normal g. level–eat–hyperglycaemia–pancreas makes insulin–liver converts glucose into glycogen–normal level

normal g. level–exercise–hypoglycaemia–pancreas makes glucagon–liver transforms glycogen into glucose–normal level

35
Q

Draw negative feedback diagram to show how the body regulates water level

A

normal level–drink–hypothalamus detects water–pituitary gland releases less ADH–kidney absorbs less water–(diluted urine)– normal level

normal level–sweat–hypothalamus detects water–pituitary gland releases more ADH–kidney reabsorbs more water–(darker urine)–normal level

36
Q

Describe and label skin diagram

A

http://www.mrgscience.com/uploads/2/0/7/9/20796234/8115666_orig.gif

37
Q

How does skin regulate body temp.?

A

http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/16ee618e59f5a2663ff6f2297316bdb4aef31b3e.gif

38
Q

What happens to the skin when you re too hot?

A
  1. Hair muscles relax & lie flat so heat escapes
  2. Sweat & cool skin by evaporation
  3. Blood flow in capillaries increases

SWEATING VASODILATION HYPERTHERMIA

39
Q

What happens to the skin when you re too cold?

A
  1. Hair muscles pull hairs on end.
  2. Erect hairs trap air.
  3. Blood flow in capillaries decreases.

SHIVERING/GOOSEBUMPS VASOCONSCRIPTION HYPOTHERMIA

IGCSE Science (13 decks)

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