8 - Antiprotozoal Flashcards
Classify 4 types of protozoa based on their characteristics.
- Flagellates –> whip like flagella
- Amoeboids –> have pseudopod / protoplasmic flow to move
- Sporozoa –> non motile
- Cilliates –> cilia around its body
To survive harsh environment, microorganisms form _____
cysts
Microorganisms that can’t form cysts rely on _______ (transmission type) and ______ to survive and complete life cycle.
direct transmission, vector
Transmission of protozoal infection can be done by (3 ways)
- Insect vector
- directly from other mammalian reservoirs
- one person to another
How to treat infected individuals and reduce protozoal infection transmission?
Chemotherapy
What is the main problem for protozoal infection?
- Toxic at therapeutic doses
2. Increasing drug resistance
What is opportunistic infection?
Infections that occur more often or become more severe in people with weaker immune system
Opportunistic infections with protozoa are prominent in?
Infants and immunocompromised patients
Antiprotozoal drugs are classified into 6 groups based on ____. What are they?
based on disease. based on:
Trypanosomiasis Toxoplasmosis Giardiasis Amebiasis Leishmaniasis Malaria
Try to get a leish manager
Where does amebiasis infection occur? Which species cause it?
intestinal tract
entamoeba species: - E. dispar and E. moshkovskii –> 90% human infections
- E. histolytica –> 10% human infections)
Which protozoal infection occurs in the intestinal tract?
-amebiasis
What are the manifestations of Amebiasis?
- Asymptomatic intestinal infection (only in GI tract)
- Mild to moderate colitis
- Severe intestinal infection (dysentry) –> bloody dhiarrea
- Ameboma –> tumor in intestine
- Liver abscess and other extraintestinal infection –> if severe
Which antiprotozoal has activity against more than 1 protozoal infection?
Chloroquine (amebiasis, malaria)
Metromidazole (amebiasis, giardiasis, and ___)
Paromomycin sulfate
(amebiasis, giardiasis, visceral leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis)
How is amebiasis transmitted?
Via fecal to oral route. Water/food contaminated with entamoeba.
Explain the life cycle of entamoeba species.
1.
3 Classes of amebicidal drugs based on their site of action:
Mixed amebicide –> lumen and systemic
systemic amebicide –> in lumen
luminal amebicide –> in lumen
Treatment if amebiasis depends on?
clinical condition of the patient
Which class of amebicidal drug has to be given to which patients with amebiasis?
All patients –> give luminal amebicidal drugs
If it infects other organs –> + systemic amebicide.
What is the main characteristic of luminal amebicides?
Have poor absorption –> remain in GI tract –> can kill cysts in lumen
Iodoquinol
- classification (hint: treats amebiasis)?
- Structure
- Site of action?
- excretion?
- MoA?
- Luminal amebicide
- halogenated hydroxyquinolin
- lumen (90% retained in intestine)
- 90% through feces
- unknown
What are the adverse effects of iodoquinol? Is there a way to limit gastrointestinal toxicity?
diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdomina pain, headache, rash, pruritis.
Yes, by taking it with meals
DDI iodoquinol-lab interaction
iodoquinol has iodine functional group –> can increase protein-bound serum iodine
if patient is receiving Iodine for therapy in thyroid cancer, the level of radioactive iodine measured will decrease.
Can iodoquinol be used above its recommended dosage?
No!
Iodoquinol should be used with caution in which patients?
- Optic neuropathy (damage on optic nerve of the eye)
- Renal or thyroid disease
- Non-amebic hepatic disease
