6. Anriparasitic drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Charasteristic of parasitic diseases?

A

Usually chronic, undetected, and contribute to nutritional deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mention & explain 2 type of parasite hosts!

A
  1. Primary (definitive) host: where the parasite matures & if possible reproduces sexually
  2. Intermediate host: Where the parasites are still immature or in asexual form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Difference between obligate & facultative parasite?

A

Obligate: needs to infect host to complete life cycle.
Facultative: Doesn’t need to infect host to complete life cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the classification of parasites?

A
  1. Protozoan

2. Animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the classification of parasites?

A
  1. Protozoan

2. Animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mention & explain types of Protozoan parasites!

A
  1. Flagellates – whip like flagella
  2. Amoeboids – pseudopodia /protoplasmic flow to move
  3. Sporozoa – non motile
  4. Ciliates – cilia around its body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 3 common protozoan parasite infection?

A

Trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the fecal-oral life cycle/route of infection of intestinal protozoa!

A

Intestinal protozoa has 2 form: the cyst and trophozoite; where the trophozoite is the vegetative form, in a feeding state, motile (can move), and can replicate. When the trophozoite is exposed to billiary secretion, some will undergo encystment to form a cyst (dormant/resting state) which has quite strong resistance to harsh environment. The cyst will pass through the feces out to environment. Infection can happen (e.g. not washing hands that has cyst) and once cyst enter host, it will undergo excystation into trophozoite form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 type of animalia parasite?

A

Helminths & Arthropod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the attachment structure of helminths that let it stick to walls of intestine?

A

hook

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 types of helminths? Exlplain!

A
  • nemathelminths (roundworm): intestinal parasite, non-hermaphroditic
  • platyhelminths (flat worms): hermaphroditic, there is 2 type: Trematodes/ Fluke
    (flattened & leaf shaped)
    and Cestodes / Tapeworm (flat, ribbon like segments (proglottids)
    containing male and
    female reproductive
    structures)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain complexity of parasitic diseases!

A
  1. has many form through out lifecycle (drug need to be able to affect all form to eradicate)
  2. parasite has the ability to disrupt, evade, & inactivate host’s immune
  3. can develop drug resistance (occurs often in plasmodium)
  4. No effective vaccine against any human parasitic infection
  5. Paracite – Host – Environment factors (hard to eradicate paracite forms that are already in environment)
  6. Vector transmitting parasites have developed insecticide resistance (has occured with mosquito)
  7. Harmful effect of infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mechanisms of Disruption, Evasion, Inactivation of Host Defense ?

A
  1. Antigenic variation
  2. Molecular mimicry: produce antigens that mimic host antigens
  3. Masking: acquire host molecules that conceal the antigenic site
  4. Intracellular location: hiding, preventing being ‘detected’
  5. Immunosuppression: Suppressing parasite specific immune cells, degradation of Ig
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How parasite damage cell/tissue?

A
  1. Toxic parasite products (destructive enzymes, amebic ionophore, endotoxins)
  2. Mechanical tissue damage (migration through tissue, Pressure atrophy, Blockage of internal organs->worms in digestive system/
    elephantiasis by filariasis)
  3. Immunopathological reactions (Anaphylactic, Cytotoxic, Immune complex, Cell-mediated)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are sources infection of parasite?

A
  1. Contaminated soil and water
  2. Freshwater
  3. Crab and crayfishes
  4. Fishes
  5. Raw or undercooked pork
  6. Raw or undercooked beef
  7. Watercress
  8. Blood-sucking insects
  9. Dogs & cat
  10. Fly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Route/type of exposure & entry of parasites?

A
  1. Eyes
  2. Inhaled
  3. Skin penetration
  4. Ingestion (fecal-oral)
  5. Sexually transmitted
  6. Vector-borne (mosquito, etc)
17
Q

Explain community participation of parasitic disease infection

A
  1. Health education
  2. Eradicate vector (control)
  3. Reservoir host control (destroy/treatment)
  4. chemoprophylaxis
18
Q

Type of treatment for parasitic diseases?

A
  1. Antiparasitics

2. Drugs for symptomatic relieves

19
Q

Classification of Antiparasitic Drugs?

A
  1. Antiprotozoal Drugs: Used against invasion of single-celled parasites (E.g treatment of malaria, amebiasis, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis and trichomoniasis)
  2. Anthelmintic Drugs: Used against invasion of parasitic worms (E.g treatment of roundworms, pinworms, whipworms, hookworms and tapeworms)
20
Q

Antiparasitics Target of Action?

A
  1. Unique essential enzymes in parasite
  2. Similar enzymes found in both host and parasite but indispensable only for the parasite
  3. Common biochemical functions found in both parasite and host but with different pharmacologic properties.