8 Flashcards
Opisthokonts, fungi, dikarya are united by what synapomorphy?
Posterior flagella
The common ancestor of animalia, choanoflagellates, and fungi share what trait?
Unicellular single posterior flagellum.
Did some groups in opisthokonts lost flagellum?
Yes
Are all groups of opisthokonts multicellular?
No
All three groups are united by having a?
Single posterior flagellum, even certain cells at certain life stages.
The two synapomorphies that unite fungi?
•Chitin in the cell wall
•Absorptive heterotrophy.
Chitin in the cell wall do what?
The same found in exoskeletons of arthropods used to strengthen the cell wall of the hyphae. They are tubular threads that exchange organic materials and organelles.
Chitinous enzyme does what?
A defence produced by plants against fungi that destroys their chitin in their cell walls that kills them.
Absorptive heterotrophy?
That is how fungi obtain nutrients. They secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients.
What rivals more biochemically, fungi or prokaryotic organisms?
Fungi
When did fungi evolve?
About 900 million years ago
When did large fungi evolve?
About 300 million years ago.
Microsporidia?
Small, unicellular parasites, and infect using a polar tube to infect the host cell.
Chytrids?
Paraphyletic (taxa within this group still being resolved). We see the single flagella character. They mostly involved in decomposition but can be parasitic. Multi or unicellular.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae?
The hyphae penetrate the cell wall and transport water and soil nutrients to the plant, which increase the surface area in which the plant can acquire water and nutrients. In return, they obtain the sugars and organic materials that the plants give.
Two major groups of fungi in Dikarya?
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Dikarya obtain what?
Unique stage in sexual reproduction and have a septate hyphae.
Fungi reproduce asexually or sexually?
Both
Dikarya gets its name because?
It has two nuclei or more.
Does sexual reproduction occur in all groups in dikarya?
No
When sexual reproduction does occur, is there or isn’t a morphological distinction between the males and females?
Isn’t
When sexual reproduction occurs in dikarya, how many genetic strains?
Two.
Life cycle of Dikarya?
•sexual reproduction: haploid
•Dikaryotic: fusion of cytoplasm to produce dikaryotic mycelium
•Diploid stage: fusion of nuclei to produce a zygote
•Haploid spores is produced.
Dikarya have what type of hyphae?
Septate hyphae. Divided into compartments by septa meaning they can control the movement of cytoplasm, organelles, and nutrients.
The two groups within dikarya?
•Ascomycota
•Basidiomycota
Ascomycota?
Produces spores in an ascus through a burst of pressure
Basidioycota?
Produce spores on a basidium passively through falling off.
Ascomycota include what fungi?
•Cup/sac fungi
•Morels
•Truffles
•Most yeasts and molds
•Most lichens
Yeasts?
Any single cell fungus in Ascomycota. They reproduce asexually.
Lichens?
Photobiont. They are known as pioneer organisms as they are often the first to colonize a substrate.
Basidiomycota include what fungi?
•club fungi, rust and smut, mushrooms, brackets.
Saprobes?
Take up nutrients from non living organic matter. They absorb energy into their hyphae. They can digest cellulose, lignin, and keratin.
Predatory fungi?
Some are active predators, trapping and killing prey. They break down prey by secreting enzymes.
Parasitic fungi?
Like rusts and smuts can parasitize plants. They can enter via stomata and have enzymes to break down cellulose
Chytrids?
Amphibian parasites driving some species to extinction.
Lichens are symbiotic that composes of?
Green Algae (or Cyanobacteria) for photosynthesis and yeast for structure and support.
Secondary endosymbiosis united?
Protists as it engulfed a green algal cell.
In stramenopiles and alveolates had secondary endosymbiosis but engulfed what?
Red algal cell
