18

Question 1

How many species approx of fish?

Answer 1

30,000

Question 2

The synapomorphies that group fish? 2*

Answer 2

*Gills arches,
*Paired Lateral fins

Question 3

The fish that tetrapods and modern animals evolved from?

Answer 3

Lobe-finned Fish

Question 4

Chordates synapomorphies? 3*

Answer 4

Synapomorphies:

*Notochord (a rod that runs the length of the body)
*Post-anal tail: an extension of the body that propels the animal forward
*Dorsal hollow nerve cord: since we are deuterostomes, our nervous system runs along the dorsal part of the body. The spinal fluid moving inside the ventricles of the brain.

Question 5

Notochord?

Answer 5

Helps resist compression and aids in propulsion. It can’t be compressed. This allows it to contract the muscles around it and move the tail side to side. Without a stuff notochord, the tail will be pushed to the head.

Question 6

!!!Dorsal hollow nerve cord (DHNC)?

Answer 6

Derives from ectoderm that rolls into a hollow tube during development. In Chordates, it is located dorsally to the notochord.

Question 7

!!!How does DHNC develops?

Answer 7

When it is time to make DHNC, the dorsal ectoderm

Question 8

Taxons within Chordates?

Answer 8

*Chephalochordate
*Urochordates

Question 9

Chephalochordates?

Answer 9

Filter feeders, have gill arches that eventually evolve into jaws later in the tree of life. Post anal tail moving via alternating contractions of left and right body muscles.

Question 10

!Urochordates?

Answer 10

Have a notochord, DHNC, and post-anal tail. However later in life, they undergo metamorphosis.

Question 11

Two clades within vertebrates?

Answer 11

*Jaw-less fish called cyclostomes
*Gnathostomes

Question 12

!!!Lampreys?

Answer 12

Jawless

Question 13

Hagfish?

Answer 13

Jawless cyclostomes: eat mostly dead fish, no paired-lateral fins

Question 14

Gnathostomes jaws evolve from?

Answer 14

Pharyngeal gills

Question 15

Chondrichthyans?

Answer 15

cartilage which defines this group of sharks. Males also have claspers on their pelvis.

Question 16

Osteichthyes?

Answer 16

Bone which defines this group of bony fish including ray-finned fish.

Question 17

Ray-finned fish?

Answer 17

Bony rays that support their fins.L

Question 18

Lobe-finned vertebrates?

Answer 18

Unique structure to their fins. A single large bone that attaches the limb to the body. It gives this lobe finned property.

Question 19

Coelacanths?

Answer 19

Thought extinct 65Mya until 1938.

Question 20

Lungfish?

Answer 20

Sister to tetrapods, and can breathe in air and water.

Question 21

Middle ear bones are homologous with?

Answer 21

Shark’s jaws

Question 22

Gnatostome skull parts?

Answer 22

*Hymandibula: supports the jaw
*Palatoquadrate: Upper Jaw
*Mandibular Cartilage: Lower Jaw

Question 23

What does the Hymandibula mean about the bites of sharks?

Answer 23

Their bites can separate from the skull since their jaws are not connected to the skull.

Question 24

Early tetrapod skull?

Answer 24

The jaw is attached to the skull through the quadrate. There is a join called the jaw joined. The articular forms the jaw joint. The hyomandibula transmits sound to the ear region of the skull and no longer supports the jaw.

Question 25

!!!Adult mammals have how may bone in the lower jaw?

Answer 25

The denture, that articulates directly with the skull. The articular becomes the hammer bone (malleus), the quadrate becomes the incus or anvil bone in the middle ear, and the hyomandular into the stapes, the articular evolves into

Question 26

Neural crest cells?

Answer 26

A special set of cells that are formed at this point from ectoderm in association with the formation of the neural tube. These cells are unique to vertebrates and form important structures such as the cartilage and bones of the face. All the bones in the front of your face is formed from the neural crest cells.

Question 27

Neurocranium is formed from?

Answer 27

Mesoderm while the facial ones are formed from neural crest these two regions of the skull are developmentally independent. There is a flexible arrangement.

Question 28

Tetrapods?

Answer 28

*Synapomorphies: 4 legs, 5 or more digits Marine, freshwater, terrestrial.

Question 29

Groups within tetrapods?

Answer 29

*Amphibians

Question 30

Amphibians differ from other tetrapods because?

Answer 30

They need to lay their eggs in the water.

Question 31

The transition from water to land developed?

Answer 31

Amniotes

Question 32

Amniotes synapomorphy?

Answer 32

Amniotic egg, which has a series of membranes surround the developing embryo.

Question 33

!!!Amniotic egg structure? 4*

Answer 33

*Shell *Amniotic membrane *Allantois *Cholin

Question 34

Amniotes include what clades?

Answer 34

Reptiles and mammals

Question 35

Turtles?

Answer 35

One of the oldest group of reptiles. Marine, freshwater, terrestrial, herbivores predators. Synapomorphy: skeleton that expanded into the skull.

Question 36

Archosaurs include?

Answer 36

Crocodilians, Pterosaurs, Dinosaurs

Question 37

Crocodillians?

Answer 37

Synapomorphy: secondary bony palate, convergent with mammals, allows them to breathe and eat.

Question 38

Pterosaurs?

Answer 38

Extinct winged reptiles. Later triassic to end of cretaceous.

Question 39

Dinosaurs modified pelvis allowed?

Answer 39

better mobility

Question 40

Groups that share modified Elvis?

Answer 40

Ornithischians, Saurischians

Question 41

In ornithischians, the pubis bone is oriented?

Answer 41

Posteriorly

Question 42

!!!Saurischians?

Answer 42

Synapomorphies: Pubis bone oriented anteriorly

Question 43

Mammals synapomorphies?

Answer 43

Synapomorphies: hair and mammary glands is the presence of a soft palate

Question 44

The presence of a soft palate in mammals allowed mammals to?

Answer 44

Breathe and eat at the same time.

Question 45

Prototherians groups?

Answer 45

*Platypus *Echidnas

Question 46

What is the only mammalian group that lays amniotic eggs?

Answer 46

Prototherians

Question 47

Metatherians?

Answer 47

Synapomorphy: pouch Embryonic young climb into pouch to reach nipples

Question 48

Eutherians?

Answer 48

Synapomorphy: placenta

Question 49

Placental mammals?

Answer 49

Embryo develops inside the mother in a placenta.

Question 50

The placenta evolved from?

Answer 50

Evolved from the amniotic egg and has all the same embryonic support membranes.

Question 51

Metatherians and Eutherians are an example of convergent evolution by?

Answer 51

They evolved to look like moles, flying squirrels, and wolves.

Question 52

the 1-2-5 limb pattern of all tetrapods?

Answer 52

A part of the lobe-finned vertebrae clade, which means that there is one large proximity