6

Question 1

Origin of eukaryotes?

Answer 1

*Loss of firm cell wall, increasing surface area:volume ratio
*Cytoskeleton forms from microtubules
*internal membrane with ribosomes
*unfolded membrane enclosed DNA forming the nucleus
*Flagellum formed from microtubules
*endosymbiosis led to mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 2

How long ago did the eukaryotic cell evolve?

Answer 2

2.0 billion years ago

Question 3

phagocytosis?

Answer 3

when one cell is engulfed by another and usually ingested.

Question 4

protist?

Answer 4

a group of organisms that are not monophyletic.

Question 5

The four groups of protists?

Answer 5

*alveolates
*stramenopiles
*excavates
*Ameobozoans

Question 6

Protists are eukarya that are not?

Answer 6

not animals, fungi, or plants.

Question 7

Alveolates?

Answer 7

unicellular with sacs (alveoli) beneath cell membrane, secondary endosymbiosis of red algae. They have chloroplasts via secondary endosymbiosis of red algae.

Question 8

Alveolates: ciliates, paramecium?

Answer 8

about 7000 species covered with cilia. it allows them to move in a substrate. Unicellular

Question 9

Alveolates: Dinoflagellates?

Answer 9

two flagella, one in equatorial groove, the other longitudinal. They have a chloroplast via tertiary endosymbiosis. They are also endosymbionts of coral. A few are freshwater, many abundant as marine plankton. They also cause red tides

Question 10

Dinoflagellates release what in response to temperature?

Answer 10

neurotoxin, and then the coral expel them. Corals can no longer obtain energy from dinoflagellates.

Question 11

Red tides consist primarily of?

Answer 11

Dinoflagellates lacking oxygen.

Question 12

Alveolates: Plasmodium - malaria?

Answer 12

these intracellular parasites (where chloroplast is vestigial) contain a complex of proteins at the apical prominence attach to and penetrate the host cell.

Question 13

Stramenopiles?

Answer 13

two unequal flagella, one of which has tubular hairs. Many have lost their flagella. Chloroplasts via secondary endosymbiosis of red algae. They are the only group with some multicellular taxa.

Question 14

Stramenopiles: brown algae?

Answer 14

multicellular, some are very large. Some are known as kelp and form the kelp forests.

Question 15

Stramenopiles: diatoms?

Answer 15

unicellular, have secondary lost their double flagella. They deposit silica in their membranes, forming beautiful shells. Almost all are marine. They fix about 20% of earth carbon.

Question 16

Excavates?

Answer 16

characterized by having reduced or lost mitochondria.

Question 17

Excavates: Giardia?

Answer 17

A common unicellular intestinal parasite.

Question 18

Excavates: Euglenids?

Answer 18

have mitochondria with one large flagellum, and acquired a chloroplast from secondary endosymbiosis of green algae.

Question 19

Excavates: Trypanosoma?

Answer 19

single celled with a single and large mitochondria. Some are free living while others are parasitic.

Question 20

Diseases caused by Trypanosomes? 3*

Answer 20

*Sleeping sickness
*Chagas disease
*Leischmaniasis

Question 21

Amoebozoans?

Answer 21

Lobe-shaped pseudopods, lobe shaped extensions that they use to move by cytoplasmic streaming.

Question 22

Amoebozoans: Slime molds?

Answer 22

Unicellular but multinucleic

Question 23

Amoebozoans: Amoeba?

Answer 23

unicellular organisms with the ability to change its shape by extending and retracting pseudopods.

Question 24

pseudopods?

Answer 24

A temporary arm-like projection of a eukaryotic cell emerged in the direction of movement.

Question 25

What evidence do we have that mitochondria are derived from the endosymbiosis of a proteobacterium?

Answer 25

They have two membranes, one is the original proteobacterium membrane. They also have their own DNA, coiled in a similar way to proteobacteria.

Question 26

Evidence that chloroplasts derived from the endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria?

Answer 26

They have two membranes, one from cyanobacterium, and they have their own DNA, whose chromosomes are shaped similarly to cyanobacteria.

Question 27

How many times did primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium happen?

Answer 27

once

Question 28

Secondary endosymbiosis of green algae gave rise to?

Answer 28

Euglenid (one protist group, NOT plants) chloroplasts.

Question 29

All plants have chloroplasts that derived in what type of endosymbiosis?

Answer 29

primary endosymbiosis.

Question 30

Secondary endosymbiosis of Red Algae gave rise to?

Answer 30

stramenopile and alveolate chloroplasts.

Question 31

Tertiary endosymbiosis?

Answer 31

A eukaryotic cell with no chloroplasts engulfs a eukaryote with chloroplasts from secondary endosymbiosis of red algae.

Question 32

Every time we have endosymbiosis, what gets added?

Answer 32

More membranes get added.

Question 33

A summary of all those different types of endosymbiosis? 4*

Answer 33

*Primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium: common ancestor of Glaucophytes, Red Algae, Green Algae, and Land plants.

*Secondary endosymbiosis of green algae: euglenids

*secondary endosymbiosis of red algae: stramenopiles and Alveolates

*Tertiary endosymbiosis of a eukaryote that has chloroplasts from endosymbiosis of red algae: dinoflagellates (also endosymbionts of coral)

Question 34

Did amoebozoans undergo endosymbiosis?

Answer 34

no