11

Question 1

Alteristic behaviour?

Answer 1

An organism sacrifices its own fitness to increase the fitness of a relative.

Question 2

Indirect fitness?

Answer 2

The fitness you gain by having the fitness of a relative

Question 3

Hamilton’s equation?

Answer 3

•rB > C, r is the coefficient of the person donating the alteristic behaviour and the person receiving that behaviour.

r = (fraction of relatedness to an organism(what fraction is dna is shared))*(fraction of relatedness to another organism) + the product of the relatedness to other pathways between you and the same organism

C = cost: Your cost of not helping - your cost if helping

B = benefit: Their benefit if you help - Their cost if you don’t help

Question 4

Every generational links is?

Answer 4

0.5. That means 50% of the genes are shared between generations

Question 5

Different r values between gene relatedness across family generations? 3•

Answer 5

•Offpring 0.5 Full siblings, 1/2 siblings
•Grand children 0.25, Nieces, Nephews
•Great grandchildren 0.125 Cousins

Question 6

Direct fitness?

Answer 6

The contribution that an individual ages to the gene pool through their own offspring.

Question 7

How to maximize fitness?

Answer 7

High fecundity and longevity

Question 8

Survival alone without reproduction has or doesn’t have an effect in indirect fitness?

Answer 8

Doesn’t

Question 9

Life history Tradeoffs: mate or wait?

Answer 9

Do you mate now or wait until you are larger and possibly have more offspring. But if you wait too long, you may get killed by a predator before even be able to reproductive.

Question 10

How can we determine the best life history strategy: mate or wait?

Answer 10

•Current reproductive success
•Future reproductive success
•likelihood of survival

Question 11

Total likely offspring?

Answer 11

Number Offspring now + (number offspring next yearsurvival rate) + (number offspringsurvival rate^2) …

Question 12

If you have high predation, then do you have high or low number of offspring per attempt?

Answer 12

High

Question 13

Bigger eggs tend to have bigger offspring tends to have?

Answer 13

Higher fitness and competitive abilities.

Question 14

Extrinsic mortality?

Answer 14

Rate at which external events can lead to death in a population

Question 15

Intrinsic mortality?

Answer 15

Mortality that comes with internal events, such as aging and disease.

Question 16

Senescence?

Answer 16

A decline with age in per capita reproductive performance, or the probability of survival. Aging.

Question 17

Senescence in an evolutionary standpoint is?

Answer 17

A life history trade-off.

Question 18

Antagonistic Pleiotropy?

Answer 18

An allele is favoured since it benefits survival early in life, even if it has negative effects later in life.

Question 19

Group selection?

Answer 19

Differential performance of groups of individuals causes some groups to out-compete and replace others. But selection can favour cheaters phenotypes within groups, undermining group selection for altruism.

Question 20

Individual selection?

Answer 20

Differential performance of individuals causes some genotypes to replace other genotypes.

Question 21

Sociality can evolve through?

Answer 21

Selection on individuals when the benefits of sociality outweigh its costs.

Question 22

Benefits of sociality? 3•

Answer 22

•Avoiding predators
•Defending recourses
•Cooperate foraging/hunting

Question 23

Costs of sociality? 4•

Answer 23

•Conspicuousness to predators
•Competition for food/mates
•Decreased certainty of paternity/maturity
•Increased transmission of disease/parasites

Question 24

Kin selection?

Answer 24

Selection arising from the indirect fitness benefits of helping relatives.