7 Flashcards
The synapomorphy for plants are?
They all have chloroplasts from primary endosymbiosis.
Glaucophytes are?
Unicellular algae at the base of the plant clade. They only have asexual reproduction.
Red algae are unicellular or multicellular?
They can be both.
Can red algae photosynthesis?
Yes, but short pigment light which makes them red.
Do red algae have chlorophyll B or starch?
No, which excludes them from green plant clade.
The biggest clade within plants?
Green plants with chlorophyll B and starch.
Chlorophyll A or chlorophyll B is found in all plants?
Chlorophyll A
Why was the development of chlorophyll B very beneficial?
As it increases the wavelengths that plants can photosynthesize.
In green plants, if they get excess energy, where do they store them?
In starch
Green Algae is a paraphyletic lineage that forms a _____ at the base of the green plant clade?
Polytomy
Green algae are unicellular or multicellular?
Both
Green algae have actually given rise to?
The earliest lineage of land plant.
Green algae has what type of fertilization?
External fertilization.
Challenges for aquatic plants to evolve to land?
•Drying out
•Physical support
•movement of fluids/nutrients without access with free flowing water
•Protection of gametes/embryo
•Protection against Increased UV radiation.
Cuticle in plants?
Prevent water loss.
Land plants retain or do not retain the embryo?
Retains
Are land plants diploid or haploid?
Both, they alternate
Sporophyte stage?
It produces haploid spores, gametophyte stage, and fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
In non-vascular land plants, what stage lives the longest and the most prevalent?
The gametophyte stage
In vascular land plants, do they have a larger gametophyte or sporophyte?
Sporophyte
In non-vascular land plants, do they have a larger gametophyte or sporophyte?
Gametophyte
What happens when the gametes gametophytes fuse during fertilization after the fertilized egg has been created?
They form a diploid zygote that develops into a diploid sporophyte.
Spores develop into?
Gametophytes
Why are non-vascular plants low?
Since they don’t have a complex vascular system and need water for fertilization to occur.
Lycophytes have what type of leaf?
Microphyll.
Megaphylls?
Complex leaves with multiple veins and branching points.
One of the earliest vascular plants?
Lycophytes
Microphyll?
A leaf with a singular vein
Ferns have a large sporophyte or gametophyte generation?
Sporophyte
Are spores separated or in clusters in ferns?
Clusters
All plants that are not algae are?
Land plants.
Seed plants make seeds in two ways?
Gymnosperms (naked seeds) or angiosperms (enclosed seeds, flowers, fruit, double fertilization)
In seed plants, what is the dominant generation?
Sporophyte. The gametophyte is very small and never lives outside of sporophyte tissue.
Pollen grains are?
Male gametophyte
Some male gametophytes become?
Pollen tubes and some become sperm
Ovules within cones are?
Sporophyte, which produce the spores that become female gametophyte.
When fertilization of gametes occurs in land vascular plants, what happens?
The ovule develops into the seed.
Reproduction in angiosperms?
Sporophyte plants produces spores that are haploid and grow into multicellular males and females. The flower are part of the sporophyte plant and diploid. Part of the carpal on the flower is the ovary. It will produce spores that will become the female gametophyte which will contain haploid egg cell. The sporophyte also makes the spores that contain male pollen grains, made in the anther. Some cells in the pollen grain will either become the pollen tubes or sperm. The pollen deliver the sperm through the pollen tube to the ovules that eventually fertilizes the egg and two other nuclei to make endosperm (double fertilization).
Double fertilization?
One sperm cell will fertilize the egg while the other will fuse to two nuclei to create the triploid endosperm that provides extra nutrition to the developing embryo.
Why are the seeds naked in Gymnosperms?
They are not enclosed within the ovary and do not have endosperm.
The seeds are enclosed where in angiosperms?
In the ovary.
