7

Question 1

The synapomorphy for plants are?

Answer 1

They all have chloroplasts from primary endosymbiosis.

Question 2

Glaucophytes are?

Answer 2

Unicellular algae at the base of the plant clade. They only have asexual reproduction.

Question 3

Red algae are unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 3

They can be both.

Question 4

Can red algae photosynthesis?

Answer 4

Yes, but short pigment light which makes them red.

Question 5

Do red algae have chlorophyll B or starch?

Answer 5

No, which excludes them from green plant clade.

Question 6

The biggest clade within plants?

Answer 6

Green plants with chlorophyll B and starch.

Question 7

Chlorophyll A or chlorophyll B is found in all plants?

Answer 7

Chlorophyll A

Question 8

Why was the development of chlorophyll B very beneficial?

Answer 8

As it increases the wavelengths that plants can photosynthesize.

Question 9

In green plants, if they get excess energy, where do they store them?

Answer 9

In starch

Question 10

Green Algae is a paraphyletic lineage that forms a _____ at the base of the green plant clade?

Answer 10

Polytomy

Question 11

Green algae are unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 11

Both

Question 12

Green algae have actually given rise to?

Answer 12

The earliest lineage of land plant.

Question 13

Green algae has what type of fertilization?

Answer 13

External fertilization.

Question 14

Challenges for aquatic plants to evolve to land?

Answer 14

•Drying out
•Physical support
•movement of fluids/nutrients without access with free flowing water
•Protection of gametes/embryo
•Protection against Increased UV radiation.

Question 15

Cuticle in plants?

Answer 15

Prevent water loss.

Question 16

Land plants retain or do not retain the embryo?

Answer 16

Retains

Question 17

Are land plants diploid or haploid?

Answer 17

Both, they alternate

Question 18

Sporophyte stage?

Answer 18

It produces haploid spores, gametophyte stage, and fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.

Question 19

In non-vascular land plants, what stage lives the longest and the most prevalent?

Answer 19

The gametophyte stage

Question 20

In vascular land plants, do they have a larger gametophyte or sporophyte?

Answer 20

Sporophyte

Question 21

In non-vascular land plants, do they have a larger gametophyte or sporophyte?

Answer 21

Gametophyte

Question 22

What happens when the gametes gametophytes fuse during fertilization after the fertilized egg has been created?

Answer 22

They form a diploid zygote that develops into a diploid sporophyte.

Question 23

Spores develop into?

Answer 23

Gametophytes

Question 24

Why are non-vascular plants low?

Answer 24

Since they don’t have a complex vascular system and need water for fertilization to occur.

Question 25

Lycophytes have what type of leaf?

Answer 25

Microphyll.

Question 26

Megaphylls?

Answer 26

Complex leaves with multiple veins and branching points.

Question 27

One of the earliest vascular plants?

Answer 27

Lycophytes

Question 28

Microphyll?

Answer 28

A leaf with a singular vein

Question 29

Ferns have a large sporophyte or gametophyte generation?

Answer 29

Sporophyte

Question 30

Are spores separated or in clusters in ferns?

Answer 30

Clusters

Question 31

All plants that are not algae are?

Answer 31

Land plants.

Question 32

Seed plants make seeds in two ways?

Answer 32

Gymnosperms (naked seeds) or angiosperms (enclosed seeds, flowers, fruit, double fertilization)

Question 33

In seed plants, what is the dominant generation?

Answer 33

Sporophyte. The gametophyte is very small and never lives outside of sporophyte tissue.

Question 34

Pollen grains are?

Answer 34

Male gametophyte

Question 35

Some male gametophytes become?

Answer 35

Pollen tubes and some become sperm

Question 36

Ovules within cones are?

Answer 36

Sporophyte, which produce the spores that become female gametophyte.

Question 37

When fertilization of gametes occurs in land vascular plants, what happens?

Answer 37

The ovule develops into the seed.

Question 38

Reproduction in angiosperms?

Answer 38

Sporophyte plants produces spores that are haploid and grow into multicellular males and females. The flower are part of the sporophyte plant and diploid. Part of the carpal on the flower is the ovary. It will produce spores that will become the female gametophyte which will contain haploid egg cell. The sporophyte also makes the spores that contain male pollen grains, made in the anther. Some cells in the pollen grain will either become the pollen tubes or sperm. The pollen deliver the sperm through the pollen tube to the ovules that eventually fertilizes the egg and two other nuclei to make endosperm (double fertilization).

Question 39

Double fertilization?

Answer 39

One sperm cell will fertilize the egg while the other will fuse to two nuclei to create the triploid endosperm that provides extra nutrition to the developing embryo.

Question 40

Why are the seeds naked in Gymnosperms?

Answer 40

They are not enclosed within the ovary and do not have endosperm.

Question 41

The seeds are enclosed where in angiosperms?

Answer 41

In the ovary.