8

Question 1

Survival depends on two basic factors:

Answer 1

1. The Will to Survive – It is not automatic. Some people have a greater survival instinct than others. Discomfort despair and deprivation may cause some people to give up more easily than others, and
2. Knowledge - in the correct use of survival aids and the understanding of the efforts of the search
   and rescue services. Knowledge acquired through training builds confidence.

Question 2

The best advice is to stay with the aircraft and await rescue.

Answer 2

Most rescues have been made when survivors remained with the aircraft.

Question 3

Advantages of staying with the aircraft are:

Answer 3

1. The aircraft is easier to spot,
2. The aircraft or parts may provide shelter, and
3. Signaling aids and other equipment may be available.

Question 4

The success of the search and rescue operations will largely depend on a prompt and accurate distress report to the __. They will then evaluate the situation and decide on the best course of action.

Answer 4

Rescue Co-ordination Center (RCC)

Question 5

The RCC will then activate the ___ The services available to the RCC will be used in a manner so as to ensure the recovery of survivors on the best condition. It is imperative to locate, reach and rescue in the shortest possible time as the saving of human lives is of prime importance and has priority over any other mission.

Answer 5

Search and Rescue (SAR) Service.

Question 6

When the Air Traffic Control (ATC) has reason to believe that an aircraft is in a state of emergency it will alert the responsible RCC.

Answer 6

The RCC will direct search operations until all survivors are found and rescued or until all hope of survival has passed in which case the search will be continued for the wreckage.

Question 7

The following are some examples on internationally Ground to Air Distress signal to be used. They should be formed in open terrain where they will be visible.

Answer 7

They should be at least 2.5 metres (8 feet) long and made as conspicuous as possible. Rocks, branches, trees, strips of fabric, grass pads or trodden paths in the snow can be used.

Question 8

REQUIRE ASSISTANCE

Answer 8

V

Question 9

REQUIRE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE

Answer 9

X

Question 10

NO or NEGATIVE

Answer 10

N

Question 11

YES or AFFIRMATIVE

Answer 11

Y

Question 12

PROCEEDING IN THIS DIRECTION

Answer 12

→

Question 13

A study of survival case histories has proved that whether the environment is arctic, desert, jungle or sea action must be taken in an order of priorities.
These priorities are:

Answer 13

1. Protection,
2. Location,
3. Water, and
4. Food.

Question 14

Immediate steps must be taken by the survivor to protect himself from the adverse effects of thier environment, i.e. water, the chilling effect of wind on wet clothing and extremes of temperature. This must take absolute priority over all other considerations. In order to function properly the body must be protected against extremes of heat or cold and the adverse effects of injury and shock.

Answer 14

Protection

Question 15

The survivor must next check and prepare all signaling gear, including pyrotechnics and survival beacons and have them ready for immediate use in order to facilitate early location by rescue craft. It is vital to ensure search and rescue services can locate the landing or ditching site.

Answer 15

Location

Question 16

It is of much greater importance to the survivor than food. Rationing must be instituted at once. Take stock of emergency supplies of water and keep them for an emergency. Survival without water can vary between __ in a very hot climate to approx. __ in a cold climate. All possible sources of water must be explored. The aircraft galley may be able to provide initial sources. DO NOT DRINK SEA WATER.

Answer 16

Water
3 days
11 days

Question 17

Check on rations available, remembering that __should not be eaten unless there is sufficient water available for its metabolism and that proteins require more water than carbohydrates. It is possible to survive weeks without food. __would probably have no permanent ill effects and many people have survived much longer. Food requires water to aid digestion. Sea fish require a lot of water to digest.

Answer 17

food

Two or three weeks

Question 18

SURVIVAL ON LAND

Immediate Actions After Evacuation

Answer 18

1. Move the survivors UPWIND to a safe location taking all the survival equipment, which has been removed,
2. When the danger of fire has passed re-enter the aircraft and remove any other items, which may be useful, and
3. Attend to the injured and shelter them first.

Question 19

SURVIVAL ON LAND
Plan of Action
When the situation has stabilised make a plan of action remembering the principles of survival. Allocate duties to keep as many people as possible occupied:

Answer 19

1. Nursing the injured,
2. Improving and building shelters from whatever materials are available,
3. Log keeping. A diary of events including a list of survivor’s names,
4. Watch keeping. This can be allocated on a 24 hour system,
5. Division and inventory of supplies and equipment,
6. Setting out signal panels and preparing signal fires, and
7. Domestic duties.

Question 20

SURVIVAL ON LAND

Location

Answer 20

1. The ELT is the main aid to location. Set only one in operation as soon as possible,
2. Use day/night flares only when it is known that a search party or aircraft is in the area,
3. Prepare signal fires - if possible three fires to form a triangle -the International Distress Signal - light
   all three only when it is known that a search aircraft is in the area, and
4. Ensure that those on watch use a signaling mirror to scan the horizon regularly throughout the
   daylight hours. If none are available they can be improvised from aircraft panels.

Question 21

Water

Answer 21

1. Do not consume any water for the first 24 hours. This will allow a slight negative balance of water in the body to develop,
2. Water remaining in the aircraft system can be drained and stored in lifejackets - cut a portion off the top of a LJ and fill it through the opening,
3. In warm humid climates dew will form during the night on metal panels laid on the ground, e.g. engine cowlings are ideal, and
4. Water can be found by digging down under the roots of vegetation and at the bottom of a dried-up stream. Any water collected in this way or collected from active streams and pools should be boiled or treated with purifying tablets if available.

Question 22

flyadeal aircraft are equipped with __which can be detached from the aircraft and used as floatation devices in a ditching situation.

Answer 22

slides

Question 23

In addition each passenger and crew seat is equipped with an__

Answer 23

individual floatation device.

Question 24

The safest thing to do incase of a ditching situation is to

Answer 24

move away from the aircraft and group passengers with the individual floatation device completely inflated. The survivors should all join up in a circle and get as far away from the aircraft as possible. As the circles are formed survivors must tie themselves to each other’s life jacket using the spare length of the waistbands.

Question 25

It should be tied to one person to prevent it from floating away.

Answer 25

ELT

Question 26

NEVER RE-ENTER A__ UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES

Answer 26

DITCHED AIRCRAFT

Question 27

The ailments likely to be suffered by survivors at sea are mainly caused by exposure to weather, sea water and shortage of fresh water.
There are First Aid Kits and it is important that survivors use these kits and follow the instructions, which are included. Some of the ailments encountered at sea are:

Answer 27

1. Seasickness: The performance of duties requiring some concentration helps ward of seasickness. Food and drinks are to be given only if tolerated. Anti-sickness tablets are provided in the First Aid Kits.
2. Immersion Foot: Exposure of legs and feet to cold water for some time results in damage to the tissues. The affected part becomes red, painful with difficulty in movement. This is followed by swelling, the appearance of blisters and dark patches and breaks in the skin. Prevention lies in keeping the feet as warm and dry as possible.
   Frequent movement of the feet and toes assists in blood circulation. Remedial action is to remove footwear, wrap feet in loose dry clothes, and raise feet clear of any water and keep the body warm. Do not attempt to rub the affected parts.
3. Salt Water Sores: These are caused by prolonged exposure to salt water. Prevention is by keeping the body as dry as possible. The sores should be gently cleansed and an antiseptic cream should be applied. Large sores should be covered with a dressing.
4. Sore Eyes: Sore eyes result from excessive exposure to glare from the sky and water and should be treated by applying antiseptic cream to the eyelids and bandaging lightly. Relief may also be obtained by the use of damp bandages alone.
5. Constipation or Urinary Complaints: Some degree of constipation and reduction in urinary output is to be expected and should not give rise to alarm.
6. Frostbite: Signs of frostbite consist of small patches of white or cream coloured skin, stiff and firm to the touch. A pricking sensation may be felt. When the affected part is warmed, there will be a swelling and redness of the skin with accompanying pain depending on the degree of frostbite.
   Frostbite is usually experienced in extreme cold; exposed fingers, nose and ears being the most susceptible. Protection is obtained by keeping as warm and dry as possible, moving limbs and exercising facial muscles. Affected parts must be kept warm and not be rubbed or massaged.

Question 28

The risk of fire is increased in this climate. Passengers should be gathered together at a safe distance from the aircraft.

Answer 28

Desert

Question 29

Wear light __as protection against burns, heat, sand and insects. Keep body and head covered during daytime. If possible, cover the head and back of the neck from the sun with a headpiece. During dust or sand storms, wear a protective covering for the mouth and nose.

Answer 29

Clothing

Question 30

Move slowly to conserve water and energy. The only way to restrict the need for water is to control perspiration. Clothing will aid in this as it reduces the evaporation of heat.
Do not sit or lie directly on sand which has been exposed to heat- use some form of barrier i.e. lifejacket. The temperature__ from the ground could be about __ This difference in temperature may save a lot of sweat, preventing exhaustion or heat stroke.
Long periods of exposure to the sun may result in a number of conditions i.e. convulsions, exhaustion or heat stroke.

Answer 30

Conserving Energy
15 cm away
10°C lower

Question 31

Normally occur in legs or abdominal muscles. Lay the casualty down in a relaxed position and administer salt dissolved in water.

Answer 31

Heat Convulsions

Question 32

Those suffering show pale face colour, perspire heavily and have moist cool skin, possibly becoming delirious or even unconscious. Lay them on their back, in the shade if possible and administer salt dissolved in water.

Answer 32

Heat Exhaustion

Question 33

It occurs suddenly. Face turns red, skin becomes hot and dry. Perspiration stops. Casualty will suffer from violent headaches; pulse will be fast and strong. Try and cool the casualty by fanning or moisten clothing. Lay down in the shade. Do not administer Psychoactive Substances.

Answer 33

Heat Stroke

Question 34

Eyes should be protected with sunglasses or improvised protection i.e. cloth or carton strips with narrow slits. Darken round the eyes with soot. Even if no discomfort is felt, continued bright sunlight will affect the ability to see over long distances as well as impairing night vision. If eyes hurt, apply ointment to eyelids or into the corners of the eyes. Apply grease to nose and lips.

Answer 34

Facial Protection

Question 35

Additional signal aids in the desert include:

Answer 35

1. Fires lit on hills are easily visible at night,
2. Form a rescue signal by digging trenches and piling up rocks to produce a shadow,
3. If bushes are available pile them up ready to light a fire when needed, and
4. Use signal mirrors by continuously sweeping the horizon- rescuers will see this before you see them.
   You can also improve signal flares by filling empty containers with sand, pour in fuel and ignite. Produce heavy smoke by adding plastic, pieces of rubber or oil.

Question 36

Once you have established that the aircraft is safe, remain nearby. You will need __ from the sun and heat during the day and the cold at night.
Construct __ using all available materials i.e. slide, blankets, aircraft pieces, caves and rocks. Take care in using narrow canyons as they can become dangerous in heavy rainfall.
Stay in the shadow and ensure adequate ventilation in the __.
Be aware of spiders, scorpions, sand fleas and other insects. Check shoes and clothing before putting on. In some desserts there are sand vipers, which are small, very poisonous snakes that hide in the sand.

Answer 36

Shelters

Question 37

In hot desert regions you will need a minimum of of water in a day to survive without physical damage.

Answer 37

4 litres

Question 38

Additional sources of water:

Answer 38

1. Collect dew from the aircraft wreckage, rocks and plants by wiping it into a container or absorbing it with a cloth or a sponge,
2. If looking along the sandy bank of a desert pool, dig a hole at the lowest place behind the first dune until you find wet sand. This water will be fresh enough to be potable. Do not dig deeper as you may reach salt water, and
3. If you find wet sand, dig a hole and wait till the water seeps out.
4. Watch bird and animal behavior, birds circle round water pools and animal tracks may lead to water
   pools.

Question 39

It can be a wet tropical rain forest or open scrub country. However, they can be referred to as natural uncultivated forest in tropical or sub-tropical conditions.

Answer 39

Jungles

Question 40

SURVIVAL IN THE JUNGLE

Immediate Actions After Landing

Answer 40

Evacuate all passengers safely as soon as the aircraft comes to rest. Retrieve as much water and other items of survival from the aircraft if situation permits. Stay well away from the aircraft until the danger of fire or explosion has passed.

Question 41

SURVIVAL IN THE JUNGLE

First Aid

Answer 41

Attend promptly to all injuries. Remove all injured personnel into the shade as soon as possible. Apply First Aid and enlist help from any passengers with medical knowledge.

Question 42

SURVIVAL IN THE JUNGLE

Shelter

Answer 42

Establish a natural shelter on higher ground level, away from dead shrubs and muddy areas. If near a stream or river, ensure you are on a higher ground away from the danger of flash foods. Shelters can be built under shade using large leaves as roofs and mats for sleeping. Use of slide and other aircraft interior materials are useful.

Question 43

SURVIVAL IN THE JUNGLE

Clothing

Answer 43

Keep the body covered to prevent bites by mosquitoes and other insects. Protect skin against infections caused by scratches from thorns, sharp grass and branches, and to prevent sunburn. Tuck pants into socks and tie them securely to keep out ticks and leeches. Clothes should be worn loosely to keep cool. Dry clothes before nightfall to avoid discomfort from cold.

Question 44

SURVIVAL IN THE JUNGLE
Plan of Action
Check out your position and then work out an action plan. The following considerations must be taken into account:

Answer 44

1. Elect a leader and delegate duties: Normally the PIC will assume leadership duties. Should the PIC be injured, the next most senior ranking crewmember will take over. He/she will assign crew members and ABP’s with duties and other essential jobs i.e. cooking, collecting water and food, building shelters, preparing signaling equipment’s, building fires etc. A headcount of survivors should be carried out,
2. Ration food and water: Ensure food and water is properly rationed. Normally food and water are plentiful in the tropics. Water is available from numerous sources, and
3. Signals contact: Establish a two-way radio contact if aircraft radio equipment is intact. Prepare all signaling equipment and operate the transmitter. Building group fires attracts attention of search aircraft and keeps mosquitoes and curious animals away. Do not use bamboo for fuel as it burns too quickly, emits dangerous fumes and may explode.

Question 45

SURVIVAL IN THE JUNGLE
Water Source
Most people can survive without food for many days but not without water. Every effort should be made to conserve and ration available water. In the jungle water is abundant. Fresh water may be obtained from the following sources without the need for purification:

Answer 45

1. Rain: Build a rain trap from large leaves with a framework made up from bamboo or branches,
2. Jungle Vines: Select the lower loop of a vine and cut out a length of four or five feet from which drinkable water may be drained,
3. Streams: All fast flowing streams having a mixed sandy and stone bed provide clean water. If there is no sign of animal deposits or sewage within a half mile upstream this water is pure and ready for drinking,
4. Plants: During the monsoon or rainy season water can be collected from natural receptacles found on various plants. This rainwater will be fresh and fit for human consumption. In the base of large bamboo stems drinking water may be found, and
5. Coconuts: Coconut milk found in green unripe coconut is a very good substitute for fresh water. One nut may contain up to two pints of liquid. Do not drink the milk from ripe or fallen coconuts.

Question 46

Solid Food
Consumption of food from certain plants can produce undesirable effects. The following guidelines should be taken into consideration when in doubt:

Answer 46

1. Eat sparingly to exclude any adverse effects, and
2. Avoid plant produce with unpleasant bitter or acidic taste. Plants, which give a milky or soapy sap,
   are considered unsafe for consumption.

Question 47

It is defined geographically as the area north of the Arctic Circle. From a survival aspect it is practical to consider those areas, which have a mean annual temperature below zero degrees Celsius. Thus the principle of arctic survival can also be applied where such wintry conditions prevail. Should a crash landing or ditching occur in the Arctic, emergency preparations should take into account the extreme cold likely to be experienced. The main consideration for survival is the need for protection of passengers against cold, once outside the aircraft.

Answer 47

The Arctic

Question 48

It is the first line of defence against low temperatures and high winds.
The main essentials are to keep windproof outer materials intact over sufficient inner insulating clothing and the avoidance of any tight or restrictive clothing. In survival conditions the warmth needed must be derived from appropriate clothing not from fires or fuel stoves.

Answer 48

Clothing

Question 49

Normal land evacuation preparation duties will apply supplemented by the following:

Answer 49

1. Passengers are instructed to don all available clothing, and
2. Blankets should be distributed to all passengers and they should be instructed to evacuate with them.

Question 50

Evacuation Procedures

Normal land evacuation drills apply with the following additions:

Answer 50

1. If external conditions permit- All slide are to be deployed regardless of any gear conditions, and
2. Slide should be disconnected and used for shelter- if deemed safe to return to the aircraft after the
   evacuation.

Question 51

Immediate Action after Evacuation

Answer 51

1. Stay clear and away from the aircraft,
2. Put on all available warm clothing,
3. Attend to all injured passengers and apply First Aid,
4. Make temporary shelters. Use inflated slide,
5. Drain oil from the aircraft tanks to provide fuel for heating and cooking- before fuel freezes, and
6. Prepare signaling equipment

Question 52

Survival Guidelines

Answer 52

Consider using slides and rafts as shelter. Any slides/rafts removed from the aircraft should be inflated as soon as possible before the inflation cylinders become chilled and less efficient. The slide will also harden quickly due to the extreme cold. Canopy side curtains should be rigged to provide protection against wind and cold:
Do not camp at bases of slopes or cliffs where snow may drift heavily or come down as avalanches.

Question 53

The best policy for survivors is to stay in the vicinity of the crashed aircraft and wait for rescue rather than to trek off to seek assistance.

Answer 53

The aircraft is an easier target to spot from the air than people on the ground.

Question 54

Only if conditions appear safe should a move to a safer ground be considered:

Answer 54

1. Congealed oil/fuel can be used for making fires to keep warm,
2. Baggage from cargo holds can be used to shape distress signals visible to search aircraft,
3. Melt ice rather than snow for drinking. If snow is used, melt a little at a time. Do not attempt to suck
   ice or snow, and
4. Maintain morale by good command. Organise and distribute duties to all crew and able-bodied passengers.

Question 55

Protection from cold is the immediate and constant problem. Keep dry and warm. Check for frostbite. No effort should be spared to maintain this. Carpets, upholstery, pillows can all be used for extra clothing and food protection.
It is important to wear clothing properly to keep warm and dry. Insulation combined with body heat is the secret of warmth. Insulation is largely determined by the combined thickness of all garments worn. Outer clothing should be windproof. Avoid sweating as it leads to freezing.

Answer 55

Cut down sweating by opening clothes at the neck and wrist. If still warm, slow down or take off a layer or two of outer clothing. When work is stopped, put back all the clothes to prevent from chilling. Wearing clothes loosely- as tight fits could cut off circulation and increase the danger of freezing. Keep ears covered. Wet clothes can be dried by removing them and allowing them to freeze outside. Then beat the frozen moisture out of the clothes.

Question 56

Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature falls below normal and can be recognized by decreasing resistance to cold, excessive shivering and low vitality. Shelter the victim from the cold; cover him with waterproof or insulation material i.e. plastic sheets if available. The victim should be placed on a dry improvised bed ensuring the buttocks; shoulders and feet are well insulated. If possible keep the victim in warm dry clothes. Prevent heat loss and provide heat preferably with body heat. Stimulation with hot drinks will help if tolerated.

Answer 56

Arctic Hazards

Question 57

Wind increases heat loss by dispersing available heat. This heat loss increases with increase of wind speed. Survivors should take advantage of wind barriers, i.e. side of crashed aircraft for shelte

Answer 57

Wind Chill

Question 58

It is the freezing of some part of the body and is a constant hazard in sub-zero conditions, particularly in strong winds. It usually affects the extremities and exposed parts of the body which have the least blood circulation i.e. face, nose, ears, hands and feet. It may be recognized by a small patch of white or cream coloured frozen skin, which is firm to the touch and feels stiff. The subject may feel a slight pricking sensation.

Immediate and careful treatment must be given. Use body heat to aid in thawing. Hold a bare, warm palm against frostbitten ears or parts of the face. Place frostbitten hands under clothing against the chest, under the armpits or between the legs at the groin.

Hold the frostbitten foot against a companion’s stomach or between their thighs. Never forcibly remove frozen shoes or gloves. Never rub a frost bitten area and never rub with snow.

Answer 58

Frostbite

Question 59

It is a temporary form of blindness caused by exposure of the unprotected eye to glare of snow. It can occur even during cloudy days. Prevent snow blindness by wearing dark glasses at all times when outside in daylight. A handy substitute is a piece of wood, leather or cloth with narrow eye slits cut in.

Symptoms are redness, pain, watering or sandy feeling eyes and headaches. Treatment is to get the victim in a dark place or place a dark lightproof bandage over the eyes.

Answer 59

Snow Blindness

Question 60

Burning fire in an unventilated shelter causes __ Usually there are no symptoms. Unconsciousness and death may occur without warning. Prevent by ensuring the shelter has enough ventilation when a fire is burning.

Answer 60

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Question 61

The traumatic event can have a devastating effect on the emotional well being of victims of a disaster, even though they may have not endured any physical injury.

As a first step in this process the

Answer 61

PIC will brief the entire crew following such an event or delegate this briefing duty to a crewmember less involved/effected if appropriate.

Question 62

It refers to the physical and mental disturbances which may result from a frightening or horrific experience. Within the commercial aviation industry, the onset of traumatic stress reactions is likely to occur amongst operating crew, airline staff and their families following a life threatening incident or accident.

These responses are normal reactions to an abnormal event.

There are no set rules relating to the onset of __.
A normal reaction to a traumatic event can involve one or more of a range of symptoms. A symptom- free response is also normal. If symptoms are experienced, these may occur within hours or days of the traumatic event. Conversely, some people have delayed reactions in which their initial symptoms occur weeks or months afterwards.

Answer 62

PTSD

Question 63

Common Reactions to Trauma

Answer 63

1. SHOCK: Disbelief of what has happened, numbness, the event may seem unreal, like a dream, slow comprehension of what has happened.
2. FEARS: of damage to oneself, or death, or a recurrence of the event, awareness of personal vulnerability, panicky irrational feelings, other apparently unrelated irritability.
3. ANGER: at who caused it or “allowed it to happen”, at the injustice and senselessness of it all, at the lack of proper understanding by others, generalized anger and irritability.
4. HELPLESSNESS: Crisis exposes human powerlessness as well as strength.
5. SADNESS: about human destruction and losses of every kind, for loss of the belief that the world is
   safe and predictable. Crying gives relief.
6. GUILT: for having been exposed as helpless, emotional and needing others, for not having reacted
   as one would have wished for and surviving when other did not.
7. LET DOWN: Disappointments.
8. HOPE: for the future, for better times.

Question 64

Effects on Behavior

Answer 64

1. TENSION: More easily startled, general agitation.
2. SLEEP: Inability to sleep, thoughts that prevent sleep replaying the
3. DISTURBANCES: incident.
4. DREAMS AND NIGHTMARES: of the incident or other vivid and frightening events.
5. FEARFULNESS: of the place, or reminders of the incident.
6. INTRUSIVE: Interfere with concentration, daily life flashbacks. Attempts
7. MEMORIES: to shut them out which leads to deadening of feelings and thoughts.
8. IRRITABILITY: Frequent mood swings.
9. DEPRESSION: about the event or past events, non-specific depression.
10. SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL: A need to be alone.
11. PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS: Tiredness, palpitations, tremors, breathing difficulties, headaches, tense muscles, aches and pains, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, weakness, dizziness, menstrual disorders.

Question 65

Adjusting to the Experience

Answer 65

1. ACCEPTANCE: Recognize your personal reaction and acknowledge that you have been through a highly stressful experience. Excessive denial or lack of acceptance of your feelings may delay the recovery process.
2. SUPPORT: Seek out other people’s physical and emotional support. Talk about your feelings to other people who will understand. Sharing with others who went through the experience helps.
3. GOING OVER: As you slowly adjust to the trauma there is a need to think about it and to talk about it. Controlling the reality, bit by bit, rather than avoiding any reminders, will help you come to terms with the event.
4. EXPRESSING FEELINGS: It is important not to bottle up your feelings, but to express them. Talking with others about your experience and feelings are natural healing methods that help us to accept what has happened.
5. TAKING CARE OF YOURSELF: During a period of stress, we are more prone to accidents and physical illness. It is important to look after yourself, by driving more carefully, having sufficient sleep, maintain a good diet and have opportunities for relaxation.
6. THE POSITIVE SIDE: After trauma, people can emerge wiser and stronger. Your experience may help you to cope better with the stresses of everyday life.

Question 66

WHEN TO SEEK PROFESSIONAL HELP
People may need extra help in getting over such an experience. Your family and friends may be better judges of when you need help. Show these pages to them. Seek professional help if:

Answer 66

1. You cannot handle the intense feelings or physical symptoms. You feel that your emotions are not returning to normal over a period of time. You feel chronic tension or confusion. You continue to have physical symptoms,
2. You continue to feel numb and empty and do not have the appropriate feelings described. You have to keep active in order to avoid thinking and feeling,
3. You continue to have nightmares and disturbed sleep,
4. You have no person or group with whom to share your emotions,
5. Your relationships seem to be suffering badly,
6. Your work performance seems to be suffering or changes as a result of the event,
7. You have accidents,
8. You smoke or take Psychoactive Substances to excess since the event,
9. There are any other ongoing changes in emotion or behaviour that are worrying you, and
10. Your partner or children are showing symptoms and you wish to discuss the matter.