7B.3a - Breathing and Circulation. WHOPPER. Flashcards
All cells of all living organisms _______ (1)
Respire
What is AEROBIC RESPIRATION? (3)
BURNING SUGAR (or fat) with OXYGEN to release ENERGY (NOT breathing!).
Do all plant cells respire? 1
YES
What carries oxygen and carbon dioxide around body? 1
Red Blood Cells.
What is chemical reaction for RESPIRATION? 2
Sugar + O2 ➔ CO2 + H2O (+ ENERGY)
What GASES are involves in respiration? 2
CO2 and O2
How do you test for O2? 2
- Relights a glowing splint
2. BICARBONATE INDICATOR - red to purple
How do you test for CO2? 1
BICARBONATE INDICATOR - red to yellow
Can humans respire at all without O2? 1
Yes
What is respiration without oxygen called? 1
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
What happens when we respire anaerobically? 2
We produce LACTIC ACID - which makes our muscles ache, and gives us a stitch.
Do all organisms respire aerobically (with oxygen)? 2
No, some respire ANAEROBICALLY (without oxygen).
Examples of Anaerobic Respiration? 2
Examples include FERMENTATION (yeast, making alcohol), and SEWAGE BACTERIA producing METHANE.
Name the 4 components of blood, and what they do. (4 + 4)
- RED BLOOD CELLS (carry oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- WHITE BLOOD CELLS (fight infection/disease)
- PLATELETS (form scabs when exposed to air)
- PLASMA (fluid to carry cells, platelets, food, gases and hormones)
Name the molecule in Red Blood Cells that transports oxygen. 1
Haemoglobin
How do white blood cells get through capillaries into tissues? 1
They can CHANGE their SHAPE to squeeze through the capillary walls into tissues.
What are platelets made of? 2
CELL fragments and bits of BONE
How are red blood cells designed to do their job? 3
Round, DISC-SHAPED with dimple on each side to give LARGE SURFACE AREA to VOLUME ratio. This increases the SPEED at which molecules can pass into/out of each cell.
8 main functions of the blood? (8)
- Carry OXYGEN from alveoli in lungs to all cells
- Carry FOOD from intestines to all cells
- Carry CO2 from all cells to lungs
- Carry WASTE from tissues to large intestines
- Fight INFECTION/ disease
- Form SCABS to prevent microbes from entering the body
- Control body TEMPERATURE
- Carry HORMONES round the body
Name the blood vessels that carry the blood from the heart and back again (in order!) (3)
- ARTERIES
- CAPILLARIES
- VEINS
Describe ARTERIES (2)
MUSCULAR, to help squeeze blood
Describe CAPILLARIES (2)
Very THIN and NARROW, to transport blood deep into tissues. Have a high SURFACE AREA.
Describe VEINS (2)
WEAK-WALLED, blue appearance, no pulse. Carry blood back to heart.
Which vessels have a pulse? 1
ARTERIES - squeeze with the heart.
How is PULSE measured? 1
Beats per minute
How do you determine a pulse rate? (2)
- find an ARTERY CLOSE TO SKIN SURFACE (neck or wrist)
2. count pulse for 1 MINUTE
What is a typical resting pulse? 2
60-80 BPM (Beats Per Minute)
Veins have no pulse. How are they designed to stop the blood flowing the wrong way? 1
(Like the heart) they have VALVES.
What is BREATHING? (3)
Getting AIR IN AND OUT, so we can get OXYGEN FOR RESPIRATION and EXCRETE CO2.
How do the LUNGS get OXYGEN into the blood stream? (3)
Air travels through the TRACHEA which splits into two BRONCHI and then into smaller tubes ending in ALVEOLI (air sacs).
How are ALVEOLI designed to transfer gases in and out of blood stream? (2)
Thin, moist, large Surface Area, and good blood supply (lots of capillaries).
How does O2 get from the ALVEOLI to the TISSUES? (4)
RED BLOOD CELLS in the CAPILLARIES surrounding the alveoli collect O2 from the damp lining, travel back to the HEART and are then PUMPED off around the body to be exchanged for CO2.
How is air pulled in and out of the lungs? (2)
The DIAPHRAGM MOVES UP AND DOWN to inhale and exhale. RIBCAGE can also expand for a deeper breath.
Name the gases in air, and approximate percentages of each in normal air. (10)
- NITROGEN, N2 (78%)
- OXYGEN, O2 (21%)
- CARBON DIOXIDE, CO2 (0.03%)
- ARGON, Ar (1%)
- WATER (not much, and varies)
How are percentages different in EXHALED AIR? (10)
- NITROGEN - no change
- OXYGEN - from 21% to 16% (only ¼ removed)
- CO2 - 0.03% to 5% (more than 100 times more!)
- ARGON - no change (Ar is inert gas)
- WATER - typically up a bit (due to moist alveoli)
How do you test for O2? (1)
Glowing splint relights
How do you test for CO2? (2)
BICARBONATE INDICATOR (red to yellow), or LIME WATER (clear to cloudy).
How do you test for presence of WATER? (2)
Anhydrous COPPER SULPHATE (white to blue)
