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Question 1

orbit composed of

Answer 1

os lacrimale

maxilla

Question 2

the 3 tunics of the eyeball

Answer 2

sorrund the gelatinous center
1 - t. externa: fibrous complete tunic
- sclera and cornea which meet at the limbus
2 - t. media: mainly blood vessels and smooth mm
- choroid, corpus ciliare and iris, all together the UVEA
3 - t. interna: mainly nervous tissue directly related to vision
- pars optica retinae
- pars ceca retinae

Question 3

sclera of the t. externa/fibrosa

Answer 3

• elastic and collagenous fibers interconnect
• vorticose veins, small ciliary arteries and nerve fibers pierce the sclera at anulus sclearae

vagina bulbi membrane sep the sclera from the retrobulbar fat which provide the socket for the eyeball

meet the cornea at limbus

innervation: V1: n. nasociliaris(sensory), n. ciliaris longus

Question 4

cornea of the t. fibrosa; layers

Answer 4

the substansia propria have several layers:
1 - conjunctiva
2. bowmans membrane
3. thick transparent fibrous layer
4 - descemets membrane
5 - endothelium(inner lining of cornea)

Question 5

the transparency of cornea

Answer 5

level of hydration is highly important: it is avascular so it is dependant on aquous humor and air for nutrients and oxygen

aqous humour is prod by ciliary processes of the ciliary body: nutrients for lens and cornea

Question 6

choroid of the t. media/vasculosa

Answer 6

• lines sclera from optic nerve to limbus
• blood vessels within pigmented CT, supplied by ciliary arteries and drained by vorticose veins
• tapetum lucidum akared eye, light reflecting area that help in night vision

Question 7

corpus ciliare of the t. vasculosa

Answer 7

• thickening of limbus include the ciliary muscle,
• control shape of the lens
• ciliary epith: prod aqeous humour(pl. ciliare)
• proc. and m. ciliare(attach to margo cilearis on iris)

innervated by EW nucleus(PS); III n. oculomotorius for optical occomidation, plexus caroticus int(symp)

Question 8

uvea

Answer 8

corpus ciliare, choroid and the iris

- tissue layer that deliver o2 and nutrients to eyeball = t. media, t. vasculosa

Question 9

iris: function

Answer 9

thin circular structure

• control diameter of pupil –> how uch light reach the retina: m. dilator pupilae&m. spnincter pupillae
• determine the eye color

innervation: innervated by EW nucleus(PS); III n. oculomotorius

Question 10

aqueous humour circulation

Answer 10

prod by plexus ciliaris -> anterior chamber->canal of schlemm aka scleral venous sinus in the angulus:
- in the angulus we find ligg. pectinati with spatium iridocornealis btw where the AqH pass through and into the blood

Question 11

t. interna aka t. nervosaanterior

Answer 11

anterior pars ceca retinae and posterior pars optica retinae: has fovea: macula densa: 1:1 fiber: receptor, create sharp vision

at the point where the optic nerve enters the eyeball we have the discus opticus aka blind spot - area cribrosa: here enter n. opticus II, and a. centralis retinae

Question 12

the muscles of the eye

Answer 12

go towards the fissura orbitalis, inserting on crista pterigoideus

Question 13

straight muscles of the eye: action and innervation

Answer 13

III oculamotor nerve:
 - m. recti dors: elevate eyeball
 - m. recti ventr: depress eyeball
 - m. recti medialis: adduct eyeball
VI abducens
 -  m. recti lateralis: adduct eyeball

Question 14

olique mm of the eye: action and innervation

Answer 14

o/i on eyeball

IV n. trochlearis
- dorsal oblique m: inward rotation of eyeball
- move oppositely bc around trochlea of orbit
III n. oculomotorii
- ventral oblique m.: outward rotation of eyeball

Question 15

retractor and levator mm of eye: action and innervation

Answer 15

VI n. abducens
- m. retractor bulbi - retract eyeball
III n. oculomotorii
- m. levator palpebrae superioris - elevate upper eyelid

Question 16

fat of periorbita

Answer 16

corpus adiposum orbitae

Question 17

orbital fascia

Answer 17

periorbita: cone shaped fibrous membrane that enclose eyeball with nerves. vessels, muscles
septum orbitae: 2 semilunar fibrous membranes, margin of eyelids to the tarsi of eyelids

Question 18

fasciae muscularis

Answer 18

superficial: loose and fatty, envelopes m. levator palpebrae superior and gl. lacrimalis
prof: fibrous: arise form eyelids to limbus, vagina bulbi; envelopes around eyeball and reflect around optic n. and bulbar m.

Question 19

eyelids

Answer 19

superior et inferior
musculofibrous, free margin=commisura palpebrarum lat/med

lig palpebra lat/med: fibrous connection btw commissura and margin of eyelid

Question 20

gl. lacrimalis

Answer 20

has duct system that convey lacrimal fluid after it has from ductus excretorii has washed over cornea into nasal cavity through ducta lacrimalia, into saccus lacrimalis into another duct for evaporation ( crosses limen nasi)

Question 21

3rd eyelid

Answer 21

plica semilunaris conjunctiva with the membrana conjunctiva posterior to it connected to edge of cornea, reflect themselves to the anterior surface of the eye

Question 22

nucleus bulbi - nucleus of the eye

Answer 22

behind the lens, we have the corpus vitreum with fovea lentis supporting the lens. a canalis hyaloidea is present for the a. hyaloidea(embyo)

posterior and anterior to the retina we have the camera bulbi p/a

Question 23

blood supply of the eye - the supf system

Answer 23

1- conjunctivalis - episcleral-> supf (sclera)
- r. conjunctivalis
- r. episcleralis
both ex a. othalmica ext, ex a. max

Question 24

blood supply of the eye - the middle system

Answer 24

ciliar system
a. ciliaris post/anterior

ex a. opthalmica ext, ex a. max

Question 25

3rd layer of the eye - profound system

Answer 25

retinalis system, btw chorium and retina

• a. opthalmica int., enter with optic nerve

ciliary body

Question 26

(veins)

Answer 26

a. profunda faciei