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Question 1

pathways within brain

Answer 1

p. septalis of the rhinencephalon
- commisural fibers
trasverse pathway (corpus callosum)
forceps minor - btw frontal lobes
forceps major - btw occipital lobes

associated pathways btw gyruses

Question 2

ascending pathways - what are they and name the 5

Answer 2

sensory pathways (afferent) recieving info from the body and processing the information in different parts of the brain
- tracts are WHITE matter!

1. tractus spinocorticalis
2. tractus spinocerebellaris
3. tractus spinoolivarius
4. tractus spinothalamus
5. tractus spinotectalis

Question 3

tractus spinocorticalis

Answer 3

funiculus dorsalis: fasiculus gracilis(HL: sacral and lumbar part) and fas cuneatus(FL: cervical and thoracic part)

they both recieve info from their limb, and send it to cerebellum -> primary sensory cortex(post central gyrus) to be processed

Question 4

tractus spinocerebellaris

Answer 4

lateral on funiculus lateralis - dors and ventral part

movement of limbs –>primary sensory cortex(post central gyrus)

• epicritical sensory function; hands
• eq have lips for this function instead of hands

Question 5

tractus spinoolivarius

Answer 5

ventromed to tr. spinothalamus
–> nucl olivarius –> cerebellum(PSC)

coordination

Question 6

tractus spinothalamus

Answer 6

under cornu ventrale of spinal chord
thalamus -> PSC

sensory function of skin, noctius stimuli, pain -> contious sensory system

Question 7

tractus spinotectalis

Answer 7

ventrolat to tr. spinothalamus

to tectum mesencephali (midbrain)
- info from tendons, muscles -> develop eye-hand coordination (cat very fast)

Question 8

descending pathways - what are they and name them

Answer 8

autonomic, from MO to glands, intestines etc: S+PS
ex size of lumen of blood vessel; smooth muscle
- two systems
PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
 - tr. corticospinalis
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
- tr. vestibulospinalis
- tr. tectospinalis
- tr. reticulospinalis
- tr. rubraspinalis

Question 9

Pyrmidal system; tr. corticospinalis

Answer 9

Lateral and Ventral part (corr to the funiculus of spinal chord)
primary motor cortex(precentral gyrus) -> capsula int -> pedunculus cerebri -> tr. pyrimidalis

lateral: crossing fibers - mm of limbs
- 50% to FL(pl. brachialis)
- 20% btw FL/HL
- 30% to HL(pl. lumbosacralis)

Ventral: non-crossing fibers - mm. of vertebral column
- may cros at end

more lateral - better movement - high in cat!

Question 10

extrapyramidal system; tr. vestibulospinalis

Answer 10

ventral in funiculus ventrale

nucl vest lat+med in area vest. in fossa rhomboidea -> tractus vestibulospinalis

• orientation and posture

Question 11

extrapyramidal system; tr. tectospinalis

Answer 11

in lateral and ventral funiculus (lat and ventr part)

from caud(aud) and rostr(vis) colliculi of the tectum mesencephalon

Question 12

extrapyramidal system; tr. reticulospinalis

Answer 12

in lateral and ventral funiculus (lat and ventr part)
- from formatio reticularis (interconnected nuclei spread throughout brainstem)

trigger resp mm. (ex in water, above water)
“inhibited” during anasteshia

Question 13

extrapyramidal system; tr. rubraspinalis

Answer 13

• in lateral funiculus
• from nucl. ruber

unconsious movement such as swimming, running, jumping etc

• movement pattern reflexes, ex babies know how to swim, but forget later and must learn again as anopther part of the brain take over - reflex gone