7.3 Evolution may lead to speciation Flashcards

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1
Q

Give genetic factors that cause phenotypic variation within a species

A
  1. Mutation of alleles
  2. Random fertilisation of gametes
  3. Random assortment of genetic material during meiosis
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2
Q

Other than genetic factors, why else may phenotype vary within a species?

A

Environmental influences

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3
Q

Why does natural selection occur?

A
  1. Predation
  2. Disease
  3. Competition
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4
Q

How does natural selection cause a change in a population’s gene pool over generation

A
  • Organisms with advantageous characteristics are more likely to survive and pass on their favourable alleles to offspring
  • Frequency of unfavourable alleles decreases
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5
Q

What is stabilising selection?

A
  • Occurs when environmental conditions stay the same
  • Individuals closest to the mean are favoured, and any new characteristic are selected against
  • Results in low diversity
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6
Q

What is directional selection?

A
  • Occurs when environmental conditions change
  • Individuals with phenotypes suited to the new conditions will survive and pass on their genes.
  • Over time, the mean of the population will move towards these characteristics
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7
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A
  • The opposites of stabilising selection, in that both extremes of the normal distribution are favoured over the mean.
  • Over time, the population becomes phenotypically divided
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8
Q

Define speciation

A
  • Where a population is split and isolated, there are different selective pressures on the two groups
  • If the genetic makeup changes to the extent the two groups can no longer interbreed, they have become separate species
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9
Q

What is meant by allopatric speciation?

A
  • Speciation resulting in a physical barrier e.g. river, mountain range
  • The environments occupied by the two groups are different, and therefore different alleles are favoured
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10
Q

What is meant by sympatric speciation?

A
  • Speciation resulting from a non-physical barrier e.g. mutation that no longer allows two organisms to produce fertile offspring
  • Any changes in anatomy or behaviour may also prevent breeding
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11
Q

Define genetic drift

A
  • A change in a population’s allele frequencies that occurs due to chance rather than selective pressures.
  • In other words, it is caused by ‘sampling error’ during reproduction
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12
Q

Why does genetic drift affect small populations more than large ones?

A

The gene pool is smaller, so there are less alleles available and and any change in frequency becomes pronounced very quickly

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