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Biology pt2 > 7.1 Inheritance > Flashcards

7.1 Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Define genotype

A

The genetic constitution of an organism

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2
Q

Define phenotype

A

The expression of an organism’s genetic constitution, combined with its interaction with the environment

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3
Q

What is an allele?

A
  • Different forms of a particular gene, found at the same locus on a chromosome.
  • A single gene could have many alleles
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4
Q

How many alleles per gene do diploid organisms carry?

A

2

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5
Q

What is meant by a dominant allele?

A

An allele whose characteristic will always appear in the phenotype, whether one or two are present

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6
Q

What is meant by codominant alleles?

A

Two dominant alleles that both contribute to the phenotype, either by showing a blend of both characteristics, or the characteristic appearing together

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7
Q

What is meant by homozygous and heterozygous?

A
  • Homozygous: both alleles are dominant, or both alleles are recessive
  • Heterozygous: one allele is dominant, the other is recessive
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8
Q

Define monohybrid inheritance

A

Where one phenotypic characteristic is controlled by a single gene

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9
Q

Punnett square to show a monohybrid cross with parental genotypes of GG and gg

A
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10
Q

What percentage of the offspring of the monohybrid cross with parental genotypes of GG and gg will express the characteristic determined by the allele G?

A

100% - all potential offspring genotypes are Gg, meaning none of them will express the recessive allele

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11
Q

Punnett square to show a monohybrid cross with parental genotypes of Gg and Gg

A
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12
Q

What percentage of the offspring of the monohybrid cross with parental genotypes of Gg and Gg should express the characteristic determined by allele G?

A

75% - only one of the combinations results in expression of the recessive allele

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13
Q

Example of genetic diagram

A
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14
Q

Define dihybrid inheritance

A

Where two phenotypic characteristics are determined by two different genes present on two different chromosomes at the same time

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14
Q

Punnett square to show a dihybrid cross with parental genotypes of RrGg and RrGg

A
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15
Q

How many of the offspring with a dihybrid cross with parental genotypes of RrGg and RrGg should have the same phenotype as their parents?

A
  • 9 (out of 16)
  • 6 will match their parents on one characteristic, but differ on the other
  • 1 will differ on both characteristics
16
Q

What is meant by sex-linkage?

A

Where an allele is located on one of the sex chromosomes, meaning its expression depends on the sex of the individual

17
Q

Which parents do males inherit sex-linked characteristics from?

A
  • Their mother, since their Y chromosome can only come from their father.
  • Therefore if the mother is heterozygous for sex-linked alleles, she is a carrier and may pass on the trait
18
Q

Punnett square to show a sex-linked cross with parental genotypes of X^H X^h and X^H Y

A
19
Q

Describe the four possible phenotypes of the offspring with parental genotypes of X^H X^h and X^H Y

A
  • Normal female
  • Carrier female
  • Normal male
  • Affected male
19
Q

What is meant by autosomal linkage?

A
  • Where two or more genes are located on the same (non-sex) chromosome
  • In this case, only one homologous pair is needed for all four alleles to be present
  • For genes that aren’t linked, two homologous pairs are needed
20
Q

Punnet square to show multiple alleles cross with parental genotypes of I^A I^O and I^B I^O

A
21
Q

If I^A and I^B are codominant and I^O is recessive, which alleles could the offspring express?

A

AB, A, B, O

22
Q

What is meant by epistasis?

A

Where two non-linked genes interact, with one gene either masking or suppressing the other gene

23
Q

Define two types of epistasis

A
  • Recessive epistasis: where two homozygous recessive alleles mask expression of another allele
  • Dominant epistasis: where one dominant alleles masks expression of multiple other alleles
24
Q

Punnett square to show an epistasis cross with parental genotypes of AABB and aabb

A
25
Q

Genotypes BB or Bb allow expression of gene A with genotype bb masks gene A. With this in mind, what % of the offspring will have gene A masked?

A

25%

26
Q

What is the chi-squared test?

A

A statistical test to find out whether the difference between observed and expected data is due to chance or a real effect

27
Q

Criteria for chi-squared test

A
  • Data placed in discrete categories (nominal)
  • Large sample size
  • Only raw data count allowed i.e. not percentages

Biology pt2 (33 decks)

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