7.3 Flashcards
Studies indicate that pheromones may play a role in humans': A. ability to detect odors B. memories C. sexual behaviors D. dietary choices.
C. sexual behaviors
Olfactory receptor sites are located: A. in the brain B. on cilia C. in the olfactory bulb D. on the basilar membrane.
B. on cilia
If you are a supertaster, then:
A. you require high concentrations of a particular taste to be able to identify it
B. you have more fungiform papillae in the center of your tongue
C. you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes
D. your ability to taste makes up for your lack of ability to identify odors by smell.
C. you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes.
Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as: A. adaptation B. cross-adaptation C. umami D. PTC.
B. cross-adaptation
A person who "sees" spoken language or music may be experiencing: A. synesthesia B. amnesia C. anesthesia D. aphasia
A. synthesthesia
Exposure to an extremely salty substance decreases sensitivity to other salty substances. What is this phenomenon called? A. adaptation B. olfaction C. umami D. analgesia
A. adaptation
The receptors for taste are like skin cells in that they: A. are continuously being replaced B. are covered with a myelin sheath C. are also sensitive to touch D. do not release neurotransmitters.
A. are continuously being replaced
Repeated exposure to male pheromones may be associated with \_\_\_\_ in young women who are not sexually active. A. more regular menstrual cycles B. sweating C. increased olfactory capabilities D. increased appetite
A. more regular menstrual cycles
One reason why we have difficulty tasting low concentrations of a bitter chemical is that:
A. we have dozens of different types of bitter receptors
B. bitter receptors are located only on the back of the tongue
C. bitter receptors have axons with very slow conduction velocities
D. each bitter receptor responds to a wide variety of chemicals.
A. we have dozens of different types of bitter receptors
After soaking your tongue in a sour solution you try tasting salty, sweet, and bitter substances. How are these tastes affected?
A. You will be unable to detect the sweet taste, but the other two will be unaffected
B. You will be unable to detect the sweet or salty tastes, but bitter will be unaffected
C. You will be unable to reliably detect any of the other tastes.
D. There will be little or no effect on these three tastes.
D. There will be little or no effect on these three tastes.
Chemicals that prevent sodium from crossing the membrane:
A. intensify the salty taste
B. do not affect taste
C. reduce the intensity of salty tastes
D. cause an increase in sensitivity to other primary tastes.
C. reduce the intensity of salty tastes
Olfactory receptors carry their message to the: A. cochlea B. NTS C. insular cortex D. olfactory bulb.
D. olfactory bulb.
How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have?
1 pts
two or three
seven
twenty
*hundreds
D. hundreds
In mammals, each olfactory cell has threadlike dendrites that:
1 pts
*extend from the cell body into the mucous surface of the nasal passage
extend from the cell body directly into the brain
extend from the mucous surface of the nasal passage to the base of the skull
intermingle with one another to form a web-like structure.
A. extends from the cell body into the mucous surace of the nasal passage
Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the:
1 pts
frontal cortex
striate cortex
insular cortex
*endopiriform cortex.
D. endopiriform cortex
We can identify a wide variety of bitter substances because:
1 pts
*we have many different bitter receptors
we have only one bitter receptor that responds to all bitter substances
we can combine the activity of the sour and salty receptors
even Pacinian corpuscles respond to bitter substances.
A. we have many different bitter receptors
The taste nerves initially project to the:
1 pts
*nucleus of the tractus solitarius
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
orbital prefrontal cortex.
A. nucleus of the tractus solitarius.
What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons?
1 pts
They have more than one axon each.
They have no axons
*They are replaceable when old neurons die.
They use more than one neurotransmitter.
C. They are replaceable when old neurons die.
Many women living in a college dormitory will gradually begin to synchronize their menstrual cycles. The research indicates that this is, at least in part, based on:
1 pts
sound
sight
*pheromones
similar activity schedules.
C. pheromones
After soaking their tongues in a sour solution, what do most people experience?
1 pts
*Other sour substances taste less sour
Other sour substances taste more sour
Other sour substances taste sweet as well as sour
All substances are perceived as relatively tasteless.
A. Other sour substances taste less sour
One major difference between olfaction and VNO receptors is that:
1 pts
there are many more VNO receptors
VNO receptors are continuously growing
*VNO receptors do not adapt
olfactory receptors are sensitive to pheromones.
C. VNO receptors do not adapt
Taste perception in the brain depends on:
1 pts
*relative activity of different taste neurons
absolute frequency of action potentials
only taste receptors on the anterior part of the tongue
the angular gyrus.
A. relative activity of different taste neurons
Analogous to lateral inhibition, when olfactory receptors are stimulated, they:
1 pts
*inhibit the activity of other receptors.
quickly die
inhibit cell reproduction
inhibit nausea.
A. inhibit the activity of other receptors
Olfaction also plays a subtle role in:
1 pts
sleeping
*social behavior
touch sensation
vestibular sensation.
B. social behavior
Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as:
1 pts
*across-fiber
labeled-line
hierarchical
reciprocal-excitatory.
A. across-fiber
Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as :
1 pts
across-fiber
*labeled-line
vestibular
hierarchical.
B. labeled-line
Pheromones are important for the ____ behaviors of many mammalian species.
1 pts
food-getting
*sexual
temperature-regulating
conscious and intentional
B. sexual
The primary taste cortex is known as the:
1 pts
flavor cortex
olfactory cortex
*insular cortex
occipital cortex.
C. insular cortex
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a set of receptors located:
1 pts
in the inner ear
*near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors
in the throat
in the cerebral ventricles.
B. near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors
What are found in papillae?
1 pts
olfactory receptors
clusters of neurons
hair cells
*taste buds
D. taste buds
Given a very faint odor of air freshener, who is most likely to detect it?
1 pts
male
post-menopausal female
*cycling female
pre-pubertal female
C. cycling female
Information carried to the brain along the chorda tympani comes from the:
1 pts
posterior one-third of the tongue
posterior two-third of the tongue
center of the tongue.
*anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
D. anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Pheromone receptors in humans are located in the:
1 pts
tongue
VNO
*olfactory mucosa
cochlea.
C. ofactory mucosa
How is olfactory information coded in receptor cells?
1 pts
Each odor produces a different ratio of firing across three types of olfactory cells
Each odor produces a different ratio of firing across six types of olfactory cells
*There are hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical
Chemicals in the air are transported to the olfactory cortex.
C. There are hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical
What do toothpaste, miracle berries, and Gymnema sylvestre have in common?
1 pts
They are extremely expensive
*They modify taste perception
They contain illegal drugs.
They activate substance P receptors.
B. They modify taste perception
Sweetness, bitterness and umami receptors operate by:
1 pts
closing potassium channels
depolarizing the membranes
*activating a protein which causes the release of a second messenger
simply permitting sodium ions to cross their membranes.
C. activating a protein which causes the release of a second messenger
Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was:
1 pts
vision.
vestibular.
pain.
*chemical.
D. chemical.
The receptors for taste are not true neurons, but are actually modified skin cells. In what way are these cells like neurons?
1 pts
Once taste receptors die, they are never replaced
*They release neurotransmitters
They have axons
They are covered with a myelin sheath.
B. They release neurotransmitters
In adult humans, the taste buds are:
A. evenly distributed across the front half of the tongue
B. evenly distributed across the whole tongue
C. concentrated near the center of the tongue
D. concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue.
D. concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue.
How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have? A. two or three B. seven C. twenty D. hundreds
D. hundreds
In mammals, each olfactory cell has threadlike dendrites that:
A. extend from the cell body into the mucous surface of the nasal passage
B. extend from the cell body directly into the brain
C. extend from the mucous surface of the nasal passage to the base of the skull
D. intermingle with one another to form a web-like structure.
A. extends from the cell body into the mucous surace of the nasal passage
Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the: A. frontal cortex B. striate cortex C. insular cortex D. endopiriform cortex.
D. endopiriform cortex
We can identify a wide variety of bitter substances because:
A. we have many different bitter receptors
B. we have only one bitter receptor that responds to all bitter substances
C. we can combine the activity of the sour and salty receptors
D. even Pacinian corpuscles respond to bitter substances.
A. we have many different bitter receptors
The taste nerves initially project to the: A. nucleus of the tractus solitarius B. cerebral cortex C. hypothalamus D. orbital prefrontal cortex.
A. nucleus of the tractus solitarius.
What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons?
A. They have more than one axon each.
B. They have no axons
C. They are replaceable when old neurons die.
D. They use more than one neurotransmitter.
C. They are replaceable when old neurons die.
Many women living in a college dormitory will gradually begin to synchronize their menstrual cycles. The research indicates that this is, at least in part, based on: A. sound B. sight C. pheromones D. similar activity schedules.
C. pheromones
After soaking their tongues in a sour solution, what do most people experience?
A. Other sour substances taste less sour
B. Other sour substances taste more sour
C. Other sour substances taste sweet as well as sour
D. All substances are perceived as relatively tasteless.
A. Other sour substances taste less sour
One major difference between olfaction and VNO receptors is that:
A. there are many more VNO receptors
B. VNO receptors are continuously growing
C. VNO receptors do not adapt
D. olfactory receptors are sensitive to pheromones.
C. VNO receptors do not adapt
Taste perception in the brain depends on:
A. relative activity of different taste neurons
B. absolute frequency of action potentials
C. only taste receptors on the anterior part of the tongue
D. the angular gyrus.
A. relative activity of different taste neurons
Analogous to lateral inhibition, when olfactory receptors are stimulated, they:
A. inhibit the activity of other receptors.
B. quickly die
C. inhibit cell reproduction
D. inhibit nausea.
A. inhibit the activity of other receptors
Olfaction also plays a subtle role in: A. sleeping B. social behavior C. touch sensation D. vestibular sensation.
B. social behavior
Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as: A. across-fiber B. labeled-line C. hierarchical D. reciprocal-excitatory.
A. across-fiber
Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as : A. across-fiber B. labeled-line C. vestibular D. hierarchical.
B. labeled-line
Pheromones are important for the \_\_\_\_ behaviors of many mammalian species. A. food-getting B. sexual C. temperature-regulating D. conscious and intentional
B. sexual
The primary taste cortex is known as the: A. flavor cortex B. olfactory cortex C. insular cortex D. occipital cortex.
C. insular cortex
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a set of receptors located:
A. in the inner ear
B.near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors
C. in the throat
D. in the cerebral ventricles.
B. near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors
What are found in papillae? A. olfactory receptors B. clusters of neurons C. hair cells D. taste buds
D. taste buds
Given a very faint odor of air freshener, who is most likely to detect it? A. male B. post-menopausal female C. cycling female D. pre-pubertal female
C. cycling female
Information carried to the brain along the chorda tympani comes from the: A. posterior one-third of the tongue B. posterior two-third of the tongue C. center of the tongue. D. anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
D. anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Pheromone receptors in humans are located in the: A. tongue B. VNO C. olfactory mucosa D. cochlea.
C. ofactory mucosa
How is olfactory information coded in receptor cells?
A. Each odor produces a different ratio of firing across three types of olfactory cells
B. Each odor produces a different ratio of firing across six types of olfactory cells
C. There are hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical
D. Chemicals in the air are transported to the olfactory cortex.
C. There are hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical
What do toothpaste, miracle berries, and Gymnema sylvestre have in common? A. They are extremely expensive B. They modify taste perception C. They contain illegal drugs. D. They activate substance P receptors.
B. They modify taste perception
Sweetness, bitterness and umami receptors operate by:
A. closing potassium channels
B. depolarizing the membranes
C. activating a protein which causes the release of a second messenger
D. simply permitting sodium ions to cross their membranes.
C. activating a protein which causes the release of a second messenger
Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was: A. vision. B. vestibular. C. pain. D. chemical.
D. chemical.
The receptors for taste are not true neurons, but are actually modified skin cells. In what way are these cells like neurons?
A. Once taste receptors die, they are never replaced
B. They release neurotransmitters
C. They have axons
D. They are covered with a myelin sheath.
B. They release neurotransmitters
