7.2 Flashcards
Somatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex?
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
hippocampus
limbic cortex
parietal lobe
The sensory aspect of pain activates the ____ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ____ cortex.
cingulate, somatosensory
somatosensory, cingulate
fusiform, premotor
premotor, fusiform
somatosensory, cingulate
Which of the following drug actions would most likely block the effectiveness of placebos?
blocking capsaicin receptors
blocking endorphin receptors
stimulating substance P receptors
stimulating endorphin receptors
blocking endorphin receptors
Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the:
emotion areas of the brain.
hypothalamus.
spinal cord.
somatosensory areas of the cortex.
emotion areas of the brain.
The brain chemicals known as endorphins and enkephalins produce effects similar to which substance?
vitamin B-1 (thiamine)
substance P
opiates
amphetamines
opiates
The function of the semicircular canals is to:
locate the source of low frequency tones.
locate the source of high frequency tones.
detect movement of the head
establish a sense of direction while traveling.
detect movement of the head
A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ____. A more intense pain also releases ____.
glutamate, substance P
GABA, substance P
glutamate, dopamine
GABA, dopamine
glutamate, substance P
Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?
cochlea and otolith organs
semicircular canals and cochlea
semicircular canals and otolith organs
cerebellum and sinuses
semicircular canals and otolith organs
What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold?
cranial
semicircular
vestibular
somatosensory
somatosensory
The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body.
anterior
posterior
ventral posterior
ventral lateral
ventral posterior
Someone who has suffered damage to the sensory component of one spinal nerve would lose sensation from:
the contralateral half of the body.
the ipsilateral half of the body.
one ventricle.
one dermatome.
one dermatome.
Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, relieve pain by:
reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues.
dulling the pain information.
blocking synapses.
numbing the damaged tissue.
reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues.
Which of the following is TRUE about various types of somatosensation?
They are produced by varied responses by a single type of receptor.
They involve different receptors, but the spinal cord integrates the information.
They remain separate through the spinal cord, but are interpreted by a single set of cortical neurons.
They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.
They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex.
An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most have problems with:
memory.
hearing.
ability to locate where someone was touching them.
balance.
ability to locate where someone was touching them.
Stimulation of a touch receptor opens ____ channels in the axon.
choline
potassium
sodium
calcium
sodium
Itching is primarily the result of:
bad circulation.
baby powder.
histamine release.
substance P release.
histamine release.
Morphine is effective in relieving:
pain on the skin.
sharp pain.
slow, dull pain.
pain in the interior of the body.
*slow, dull pain.
The current view of how endorphins decrease the experience of pain is that they:
deplete the brain of substance P.
block the release of substance P.
block sodium channels in the membrane of certain neurons.
increase the sensitivity of neurons to dopamine.
block the release of substance P.
In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that:
push against hair cells when move
vibrate with different frequencies.
stabilize the semicircular canals.
enhance sound localization.
push against hair cells when move
Pacinian corpuscles respond best to:
rapid mechanical pressure.
low frequency sounds.
horizontal head movements.
slow mechanical movements.
rapid mechanical pressure.
Each spinal nerve has:
either a sensory or a motor component.
both a sensory and a motor component.
connections to most parts of the body.
connections to each of the major internal organs.
both a sensory and a motor component.
What does the vestibular system detect?
- the degree of stretch of muscles
- vibrations on the skin
- the location of sounds
- movement of the head
movement of the head
The eighth cranial nerve contains both a(n) ____ component and a ____ component.
- vestibular; somatosensory
- visual; vestibular
- auditory; taste
- auditory; vestibular
auditory; vestibular
What is a dermatome?
- an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve
- an instrument used to record impulses in the spinal cord
- the point at which sensory nerves make contact with motor nerves
- an area of the skin that has no touch receptors
an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve
An acceleration of the head at any angle causes:
- the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to move to another canal.
- the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells.
- fluid to spill out from the otolith organs into the semicircular canals.
- hair cells to become stiff and straight.
the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells.
Pain receptors of the skin are:
- elaborate neuron endings.
- also known as Ruffini endings.
- simple, bare neuron endings.
- also known as Meissner’s corpuscles.
simple, bare neuron endings.
What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?
- Pain information grows more intense as it passes each synapse on its way to the brain.
- Non-pain information can inhibit pain information.
- Intense pain can shut out all other sensory information.
- The intensity of pain experience depends entirely on the excitability of pain receptors.
Non-pain information can inhibit pain information.
