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CPR Test 2 > 72: Solute Handling > Flashcards

72: Solute Handling Flashcards

1
Q

Sodium (Na+) is a major cation of the …….. compartment and it determines …….volume

A

ECF

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2
Q

ECF volume affects:

A

Plasma Volume
Blood Volume
Blood Pressure

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3
Q

……….. maintain normal body Na+ content/balance so that Na+ intake= Na+ excretion

A

Kidneys

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4
Q

If there is a positive Na+ balance where Na+ excretion < Na+ intake ………

A

Na+ retained in ECF which leads to:
Volume expansion
Increase blood volume
Increase in blood pressure

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5
Q

If there is a negative Na+ balance where Na+ excretion > Na+ intake ……….

A

Na+ lost from ECF which leads to:  Volume contraction
Decrease blood volume
Decrease blood pressure

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6
Q

67% of Na+ and K+ is reabsorbed from the ……..

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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7
Q

100% of Na+ and K+ is filtrated by the……..

A

Glomerulus

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8
Q

25% of Na+ is reabsorbed from the……..

A

Thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle

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9
Q

5% of Na+ is reabsorbed from the…….

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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10
Q

3% of Na+ is reabsorbed from the……

A

Collecting Duct

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11
Q

Around……% of Na+ is excreted from the body

A

1%

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12
Q

What happens to the following levels when Na+ intake decreases?

  • Sympathetic Activity
  • ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
  • Oncotic Pressure of the Capillary
  • Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone
A
  • Sympathetic Activity- INCREASED
  • ANP(Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)-DECREASED
  • Oncotic Press. of the Capillary- INCREASED
  • Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone-INCREASED
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13
Q

What happens to the following levels when Na+ intake increases?

  • Sympathetic Activity
  • ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
  • Oncotic Pressure of the Capillary
  • Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone
A
  • Sympathetic Activity- DECREASED
  • ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)- INCREASED
  • Oncotic PresS. of the Capillary-DECREASED
  • Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone-DECREASE
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14
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is secreted by atria in response to …….. in ECF volume

A

Increase

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15
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ………. GFR and ………. reabsorptive mechanisms along tubule that results in increase in Na+ and H20 excretion.

A 
Increases GFR (dilate afferent / constrict efferent arterioles) 
Inhibits Reabsorptive Mechanisms
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16
Q

……….. Blood Pressure in Right Atrium leads to ……….. ANH (Atrial Natriuretic Hormone) that leads to an ……… Na+ and H20 excretion.

A

Increased Blood Pressure
Increased ANH (Atrial Natriuretic Hormone)
Increased excretion of NA+ and H20

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17
Q

The increase in the excretion of Na+ and H20 leads to water loss and ………… blood pressure

A

Decreased Blood Pressure

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18
Q

…………. is required for tissues that use action potentials and is found is more abundance in the ICF.

A

Potassium K+

98% in ICF, 2% in ECF

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19
Q

Small shifts across the membranes causes large changes in plasma and …… concentrations

A

ECF

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20
Q

K+ Shift into the cells=

A

Hypokalemia

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21
Q

K+ Shift Out of Cells=

A

Hyperkalemia

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22
Q

Causes of K+ Shift into Cells: Hypokalemia

A
  • Insulin
  • β2-Adrenergic agonists
  • α-Adrenergic antagonists
  • Alkalemia
  • Hyposmolarity
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23
Q

How does insulin and insulin deficiency cause a K+ shift?

A

Insulin, b-agonists (albuterol), and a-antagonists all stimulate Na+-K+ ATPase activity.- K+ Shift INTO Cells

Insulin deficiency;,b-Antagonists (propranolol), a- agonists, all reduce Na+-K+ ATPase activity- K+ Shift OUT of Cells

24
Q

Causes of K+ Shift out of Cells: Hyperkalemia

A
  • Insulin deficiency (Type I Diabetes)
  • β2-Adrenergic antagonists
  • α-Adrenergic agonists
  • Acidemia
  • Hyperosmolarity
  • Cell lysis
  • Exercise
25
Q

How does alkalemia and acidemia cause a K+ shift?

A
  • Alkelemia: [H+] is decreased so H+ moves into blood/K+ exchanges into cells
  • Acidemia: [H+] is increased so H+ leaves blood/ K+ exchanges into blood (Out of cells)
26
Q

How does cell lysis, hyperosmolarity, and exercise cause K+ shift out of cells?

A
  • Cell lysis (breakdown of cell membranes - burns, rhabdomyolysis, chemotherapy): Releases K+ from ICF into blood
  • Hyperosmolarity in ECF: H2O shifts from ICF to ECF dragging K+
  • Exercise: Depletion of ATP stores opens K+ channels in muscle cells - shifts into blood
27
Q

If there is a positive K+ balance where K+ excretion < K+ intake ………

A

Hyperkalemia

28
Q

If there is a negative K+ balance where K+ excretion > K+ intake ………

A

Hypokalemia

29
Q

20% of K+ is reabsorbed from the……..

A

Thick ascending limb

30
Q

K+ Reabsorption in the late distal tubule and collecting duct occurs with……

A

A low K+ diet

31
Q

K+ secretion determines the K+ ………. in the collecting duct

A

K+ Excretion

32
Q

With a normal or high K+ diet, K+ secretion ………. as a function of Na+ delivery to collecting duct; aldosterone/K+-sparing diuretic

A

Increases

33
Q

Normal Serum Concentration of Phosphate:

A

2.5 – 4.5 mg/dL

34
Q

Phosphate is a constituent of ….. and urinary buffer for H+

A

Bone (85%)

35
Q

Phosphate is a constituent of ….. and urinary buffer for H+

A

Bone (85%)

36
Q

90% of …….. is filtrated by the Glomerulus

A

Phosphate

37
Q

85% of Phosphate reabsorbed in the ….

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

38
Q

……. inhibits phosphate reabsorption

A

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

39
Q

15% of phosphate is excreted and serves as ……….. (urinary buffer for H+)

A

Titratable acid

40
Q

……… binds to the type 1 PTH (PTH1R) basolateral receptor in PCT cells which is coupled to adenylyl cyclase via a Gs protein

A

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

41
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) inhibits Na+-phosphate cotransport and therefore inhibits……….

A

Inhibits Reabsorption. Leads to Phosphaturia (Phosphate in Urine) and Hypophophatemia (Low Phosphate in Blood

42
Q

……….. catalyzes conversion of ATP to cAMP to activate protein kinaseA (PKA) and protein kinase C which stimulate the internalization and degradation of sodium-phosphate cotransporters

A

Adenylyl cyclase

43
Q

30% of Magnesium reabsorbed from the ….

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubules

44
Q

80% of …….. is filtrated by the Glomerulus

A

Magnesium

45
Q

Normal serum concentration of Magnesium:

A

1.5-2.0 mg/dl

46
Q

…….. is required for enzymatic reactions (Nerve, muscle, CV, GIT) & maintain PTH function

A

Magnesium

47
Q

60% of magnesium is reabsorbed in……..

A

Thick Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle

48
Q

…….. inhibit reabsorption and increase excretion and leads to hypomagnesemia

A

Loop diuretics

49
Q

5% of Magnesium reabsorbed from…. and another 5% is ………..

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Excreted

50
Q

Normal serum value of Calcium

A

8.4 – 10.2 mg/dL

51
Q

60% of calcium in filtered by the ……

A

Glomerulus

52
Q

67% of ………. is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A

Calcium

53
Q

25% of Calcium reabsorbed in ………..

A

Thick Ascending Limb

54
Q

………. inhibits cotransporter and reabsorptive driving force - treats hypercalcemia

A

Loop diuretics (Furosemide)

55
Q

8% Reabsorption of Calcium in ……………

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

56
Q

………. increase Ca+2 reabsorption treat idiopathic hypercalciuria (decrease excretion and Ca+2 stone formation)

A

Thiazide diuretics

57
Q

Decreased Plasma Ca2+ leads to:

A
  • PTH secretion: Increase
  • Bone reabsorption: Increase
  • Phosphate reabsorption: Decrease
  • Calcium Reabsorption: Increase
  • Urinary cAMP: Increase

CPR Test 2 (28 decks)

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