63: Imaging & Clinical Anatomy of the Urinary System

Question 1

Because ureters are not usually clearly visible on x-ray, introducing a ………material allows for visibility

Answer 1

Contrast

Question 2

……… is due to early, incomplete division of the ureteric bud

Answer 2

Bifid Ureter

Question 3

Aggregates of calcium, phosphate, oxalate, urate and other soluble salts common in men aged 20-60.

Answer 3

Urinary tract stones

Question 4

Pain from urinary tract stones usually radiates from the infrascapular region into the………, may even radiate into the scrotum

Answer 4

The groin

Question 5

Complications of urinary tract stones:

Answer 5

– Infection
– Urinary obstruction
– Renal failure

Question 6

Urinary Tract Stones could become lodged at:

Answer 6

1) At the junction of the renal pelvis with the ureter
2) At the brim of the pelvic cavity ( near bifurcation of the common iliac)
3) At the entrance of the ureter into the urinary bladder (this is narrowest region)

Question 7

Pain from kidney stones (pain from ureters mainly) is commonly referred to the ………

Answer 7

Flanks, inguinal region, groin, scrotum/labia majora and/or upper thigh

Referred pain along the distribution of the ilioinguinal nerve

Question 8

Polycystic kidney can be inherited by both …………. method of inheritance.

Answer 8

Autosomal dominant and recessive

Question 9

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney

Answer 9

• Cysts form from all segments of the nephron

* Renal failure is usually only until adulthood

Question 10

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney

Answer 10

• Cysts progressively form from the collecting ducts

* Kidneys become large and renal failure occurs in infancy or childhood

Question 11

What is an ectopic kidney?

Answer 11

A kidney that improperly placed within the abdomen.

Question 12

During a renal transplant, the transplanted organ is placed and attached in the ……….

Answer 12

Iliac Fossa

Question 13

Renal transplant harvest is done without entering the ………… cavity by taking a posterior approach.

Answer 13

Peritoneal Cavity

Question 14

…………. and …………. are important for stability of pelvic organs and to maintain continence.

Answer 14

Pelvic floor and Perineal muscles

Question 15

External sphincters and pelvic floor muscles are ………. muscles

Answer 15

Voluntary muscles

Question 16

…… and …… increases the intra-abdominal pressure

Answer 16

Coughing and laughing

Question 17

Prolapse of the bladder into the vaginal canal

Answer 17

Cystocele

Question 18

Common causes of Cystocele:

Answer 18

– repetitive straining for bowel movements – constipation
– chronic or violent coughing
– heavy lifting
– being overweight or obese

Question 19

Pelvic floor muscle weakness due to delivery results in……

Answer 19

Reduced support for pelvic organs