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CPR Test 2 > 64: Urinary System I (Histo) > Flashcards

64: Urinary System I (Histo) Flashcards

1
Q

What parts make up Urinary System?

A

Bladder
Kidneys
Urethra
Ureters

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2
Q

Functions of the Urinary System

A

Important excretory system

Formation of urine

Monitoring of blood pressure

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3
Q

Functions of Kidneys

A

Regulation of acid base balance

Maintain composition and volume of extracellular fluid

Excretion of metabolic waste & drugs

Regulation of blood pressure

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4
Q

Endocrine functions of Kidneys

A

hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D3 to active 1,25- (OH)2 vitamin D3

erythropoietin ( EPO) : acts on bone marrow to regulate RBC formation in low blood oxygen concentration

secretion of renin- enzyme involved in blood pressure regulation

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5
Q

Paired bean shaped, retroperitoneal organs derived from intermediate mesoderm

A

Kidneys

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6
Q

the point of entry of

neurovascular supply and origin of ureter (renal pelvis)

A

Hilum of kidneys

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7
Q

space around the hilar

structures, filled with loose connective tissue

A

Renal sinus

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8
Q

granular in appearance

consists most of the components of the nephron

extends between medullary pyramids as renal columns
(Columns of Bertin)

A

Cortex

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9
Q

striated appearance

arranged as discrete pyramids

apical portion of pyramid
(renal papilla) projects into
minor calyx

consists mainly straight
portion of uriniferous tubules and straight blood vessels

A

Medulla

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10
Q

composed of renal corpuscle and

associated tubular structures

A

Renal cortex

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11
Q

Regions of Renal Cortex

A

Medullary rays: straight
tubules of the nephron and
collecting ducts

Cortical labyrinth: convoluted tubules of the nephron

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12
Q

medulla and

associated cortex

A

Renal lobe

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13
Q

medullary rays and
adjacent cortical tissue

consists of a collecting duct and the nephrons
it drains

A

Renal lobule

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14
Q

predominantly consists rounded structures –> renal

corpuscles, PCT, DCT, peritubular capillaries

A

Pars convoluta

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15
Q

predominantly consists straight structures ->

loop of Henlé, collecting ducts

A

Pars recta (medullary rays)

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16
Q

Consists predominantly straight tubules:

proximal straight tubule
thin loop of Henlé
distal straight tubule
collecting ducts
vasa recta (blood vessels)
A

Medulla

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17
Q

Kidney blood supply

A

Renal artery (main)
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery

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18
Q

arise from interlobular

arteries to form glomerular capillary tuft

A

Afferent arterioles

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19
Q

Capillary tuft leaves the corpuscle as?

A

Efferent arterioles

20
Q

in corticcal nephrons, efferent arterioles

give rise to?

A

peritubular capillary

network

21
Q

In Juxtamedullary nephrons: efferent arterioles descend into medulla to become?

A

Vasa Recta

22
Q

( arteriolae and venulae
rectae) are involved in the countercurrent exchange of ions in the medulla, run
parallel to loops of Henlé

A

Vasa Recta

23
Q

functional unit of the

kidney

A

Nephron

24
Q

Glomerulus and

Bowman’s capsule

A

Renal corpuscle

25
Q

Tubules

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henlé:
• proximal straight tubule
• Thin descending limb
• Thin ascending limb
• Distal straight tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

26
Q

Nephron + connecting tubule

A

Uriniferous tubule

27
Q

Three types of Nephrons

A

Cortical: short loops of
Henle (hairpin turn by
distal straight)

Intermediate (mid cortical)

Juxtamedullary: long loops
of Henle, these are crucial
for concentrating urine

28
Q

Renal corpuscle components

A

Glomerulus : blood enters via afferent arteriole and leaves as efferent

arteriole : both are found at the vascular pole of renal corpuscle

Bowman’s capsule surrounds glomerulus

Mesangium: mesangial cells (intra-glomerular)

29
Q

Ultra-filtrate

A

collects in urinary space and is directed to the PCT

at the urinary pole

30
Q

Visceral layer (glomerular) of Bowman’s Capsule

A

podocytes (modified squamous cells) which invests glomerular

capillaries

31
Q

Parietal layer (capsular) of Bowman’s Capsule

A

outer layer of simple squamous epithelium which is continuous
with the proximal convoluted tubule

32
Q

Urinary space (Bowman’s space or capsular space)

A

lies between the

two layers where the ultra-filtrate collects and is channeled to the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

33
Q

Consists of mesangial cells (contain actin

filaments) and the matrix they produce

A

Mesangium

34
Q

Phagocytosis of residue along the GBM

Structural support-> secretes ECM

Secretion of inflammatory substances:
IL-1, prostaglandin E2, PDGF

Contractile cells: may regulate glomerular
distension in high blood pressure (in response to angiotensin II & ANF (atrial natriuretic factor))

A

Mesangium functions

35
Q

Numerous fenestrations

No diaphragms

Produces nitric oxide and
prostaglandins (PGE2)

Abundant aquaporin-1 receptors

A

Endothelium of glomerular capillaries

36
Q

Thick 300-370 nm

Fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes

Type IV collagen

Predominantly contains heparan sulphate

A

Glomerular basement membrane (GBM)

37
Q

Structural arrangement of GBM

A

I. Lamina rara interna: (of the capillary)

II. Lamina densa: Type IV
collagen – physical barrier

III. Lamina rara externa: (of thepodocyte) rich in heparan sulphate to repel [-} charged molecules

38
Q

Modified epithelial cells, called podocytes with primary/secondary processes, and pedicels

Filtration slits b/n pedicels covered by slit diaphragm (zipper like sheet w/ nephrin transmembrane protein, anchored to filaments w/in pedicels of podocytes)

A

Visceral layer of Bowman’s Capsule

39
Q

Factors affecting filtration

A

charge: [-} charged repelled
size: upper limit of 70 KiloDaltons
shape: upper limit of 3.6 nm

40
Q

Filtrates

A

water, glucose, small amino acids, ions, urea, hormones, Vit. B & C, ketones

41
Q

most abundant
tubular profiles in the cortex

receive ultrafiltrate from urinary space and reabsorbs 65% of it including 100% of glucose,
98% amino acids, small
polypeptides

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

42
Q

What type of cells are in the proximal convoluted tubules?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium
specialized for absorption

Large cells result in large spaces b/n adjacent cellular nuclei

43
Q

Structure of proximal convoluted tubules

A

Apical surface : long microvilli forming brush border

•Lateral:
– Tight junctions and zonula adherens
– Plicae: folds which interdigitate w/ adjacent cellular processes

Basal interdigitations

Basal striations associated w/ elongated mitochondria

44
Q

Which part of nephron has Na +/ K+ pumps on lateral folds that create osmotic gradient for water
reabsorption?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

45
Q

Which processes are actively involved in protein absorption and recycling in the proximal convoluted tubules?

A

Endocytic complex (vesicles, endosomes, lysosome)

46
Q

contains enzymes for

absorption of glucose, peptides & stained with PAS

A

Glycocalyx

CPR Test 2 (28 decks)

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