7.2 Encoding and Retrieving memories Flashcards
Maintenance rehearsal
prolonging exposure to info by repeating it
Elaborative rehearsal
prolonging exposure to info by thinking about its meaning
Shallow processing
involves encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus, such as the sound or spelling of a word
Deep processing
generally related to encoding info about an item’s meaning or its function
Self-reference effect
occurs when you think about info in terms of how it relates to you or how it is useful to you
Recognition
involves identifying a stimulus or piece of info when it is presented to you
Recall
involves retrieving info when asked but without that info being present during the retrieval process
Encoding specificity principles
retrieval is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval are the same
Context-dependent memory
the idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting (context) as encoding
State-dependent memory
retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding
Mood-dependent memory
people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood at encoding
Context reinstatement effect
occurs when you return to the original location, state or mood and the memory suddenly comes back
Weapon focus
the tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral info, including the identity of the person holding the weapon
Flashbulb memory
an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event - have confidence in accuracy
Forgetting curve
shows that most forgetting occurs right away, and that the rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all
Mnemonic
a technique intended to improve memory for specific info - sentence
Method of loci
a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path
Acronyms
pronounceable words whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items
First-letter technique
uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence
Dual coding
when info is stored in more than one form
Desirable difficulties
techniques that make studying slower and more effortful, but result in better overall remembering
Testing effect
the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying
Cognitive offloading
the use of an action or device to reduce cognitive demands imposed by a given task
