7.2 Encoding and Retrieving memories

Question 1

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 1

prolonging exposure to info by repeating it

Question 2

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 2

prolonging exposure to info by thinking about its meaning

Question 3

Shallow processing

Answer 3

involves encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus, such as the sound or spelling of a word

Question 4

Deep processing

Answer 4

generally related to encoding info about an item’s meaning or its function

Question 5

Self-reference effect

Answer 5

occurs when you think about info in terms of how it relates to you or how it is useful to you

Question 6

Recognition

Answer 6

involves identifying a stimulus or piece of info when it is presented to you

Question 7

Recall

Answer 7

involves retrieving info when asked but without that info being present during the retrieval process

Question 8

Encoding specificity principles

Answer 8

retrieval is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval are the same

Question 9

Context-dependent memory

Answer 9

the idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting (context) as encoding

Question 10

State-dependent memory

Answer 10

retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding

Question 11

Mood-dependent memory

Answer 11

people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood at encoding

Question 12

Context reinstatement effect

Answer 12

occurs when you return to the original location, state or mood and the memory suddenly comes back

Question 13

Weapon focus

Answer 13

the tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral info, including the identity of the person holding the weapon

Question 14

Flashbulb memory

Answer 14

an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event - have confidence in accuracy

Question 15

Forgetting curve

Answer 15

shows that most forgetting occurs right away, and that the rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all

Question 16

Mnemonic

Answer 16

a technique intended to improve memory for specific info - sentence

Question 17

Method of loci

Answer 17

a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

Question 18

Acronyms

Answer 18

pronounceable words whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items

Question 19

First-letter technique

Answer 19

uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence

Question 20

Dual coding

Answer 20

when info is stored in more than one form

Question 21

Desirable difficulties

Answer 21

techniques that make studying slower and more effortful, but result in better overall remembering

Question 22

Testing effect

Answer 22

the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying

Question 23

Cognitive offloading

Answer 23

the use of an action or device to reduce cognitive demands imposed by a given task