5.1 Wakefulness + Sleep

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

a person’s subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness

Question 2

Circadian rhythm

Answer 2

internally driven daily cycles of approximately 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes

Question 3

Entrainment

Answer 3

when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light, temperature, or even a clock

Question 4

Endogenous rhythms

Answer 4

biological rhythms that are generated by our body independent of external cues such as light

Question 5

Chronotype

Answer 5

the tendency to prefer sleeping earlier or later in a given 24 hour period (night owl, early riser)

Question 6

Polysomnography

Answer 6

a set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep

Question 7

Rem sleep

Answer 7

characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement, and rapid eye movements

Question 8

Restore and repair hypothesis

Answer 8

the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the day’s activities

Question 9

Preserve and protect

Answer 9

suggests that two adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organism from harm

Question 10

Sleep deprivation

Answer 10

occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

Question 11

Sleep displacement

Answer 11

occurs when people are prevented from sleeping at the normal time although they may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual

Question 12

Jet lag

Answer 12

the discomfort a person feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light and darkness

Question 13

Manifest content

Answer 13

the images and storylines that we dream about

Question 14

Latent content

Answer 14

the symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges

Question 15

Problem-solving theory

Answer 15

that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping - dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake

Question 16

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Answer 16

that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons, a part of the brainstem

Question 17

Insomnia

Answer 17

a disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep

Question 18

Nightmares

Answer 18

are particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep

Question 19

Night terrors

Answer 19

intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state

Question 20

REM behaviour disorder

Answer 20

a condition that does not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep; in fact, sleepers appear to be acting out the content of their dreams

Question 21

Somnambulism

Answer 21

aka sleepwalking - a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

Question 22

Sleep apnea

Answer 22

a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep

Question 23

Narcolepsy

Answer 23

a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks