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Year 1 OCR A-Level Biology > 7 Exchange surfaces > Flashcards

7 Exchange surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

equation of Fick’s Law (rate of diffusion)

A

rate of diffusion = Area of diffusion surface * difference in concentration / Thickness of surface over which diffusion takes place.

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2
Q

What is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane

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3
Q

What is water potential + its measure

A

The pressure exerted by water molecules as they collide with a membrane or container

Pascals (Pa)/ Kilopascals (KPa)

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4
Q

What is the water potential of pure water

A

0 KPa

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5
Q

What happens to the water potential when a solute is added

A

Lowers the water potential

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6
Q

Are all solutions negative or positive water potentials?

A

Negative

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7
Q

The more concentrated the solution the more …… the water potential (what is ……)

A

Negative

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8
Q

information flashcard

A

When solutions of different concentrations (different water potentials) are separated by a partially permeable membrane the water molecules can move between solutions but the solutes usually cannot. There will then be a net movement of water from the solution with HIGHER water potential (less concentrated) to the solution with the LOWER water potential (more concentrated). This will continue until the water potential on both sides of the membrane is equal (equilibrium).

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9
Q

What is a pinocytosis

A

liquid

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10
Q

what is a phagocytosis

A

Solid

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11
Q

what is a hypOtonic solution

A

lOwer sucrose

higher water potential

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12
Q

What is a hypERtonic solution

A

HighER sucrose

lower water potential

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13
Q

In osmosis does the water move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution

A

HypOtonic —> HypERtonic

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14
Q

Why can single celled organisms use diffusion alone

A

Low metabolic rate

large SA:V ratio

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15
Q

What organisms can use diffusion through the cell surface

A

Amoeba

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16
Q

The bigger the organism the ….. the SA:V ratio

A

Smaller

17
Q

What makes effective exchange surfaces (4)

A
  • increased SA
  • thin layers
  • good blood supply
  • ventilation
18
Q

Mammals have a …. SA:V ratio and a ….. metabolic rate

A

small

high

19
Q

A few reasons why mammals have a high metabolic rate (2)

A
  • active
  • maintain their own body temperature
20
Q

Key structures in the respiratory system (5)

A

-Nasal cavity
-Trachea
-Bronchus
-bronchioles
-Alveoli

21
Q

Info about the nasal cavity (4)

A

-large SA
-hairy lining
-secretes mucus to trap dust and bacteria
-Moist surfaces (+humidity)

22
Q

Info about the Trachea (2)

A

-supported by incomplete rings of cartilage (C rings)
-Lined with ciliated epithelium and goblet cells

-Goblet cells = secrete mucus
-Cilia = beat mucus upwards up the trachea

23
Q

Info about the bronchus (3)

A

-also called bronchi
-2 of them connected to the trachea
-same supportive incomplete cartilage rings but smaller

24
Q

Info about the bronchioles (4)

A

-divide from bronchus
-no rings of cartilage
-lined with epithelium
-diameter 1mm>

25
Q

Info about the Alveoli (6)

A

-300-500 million alveoli per adult lung
-unique to mammalian lungs
-diameter of 200-300um
-Thin layer of epithelial cells
-one cell thick (alveolus + capillary wall)
-Capillary’s in close contact with alveolus wall.

26
Q

what’s the Abdomen

A

Lower half of the body
(liver intestine ect)

27
Q

What’s the thorax

A

The top half of the body
(lungs etc)

28
Q

what is ventilation

A

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs, bringing in oxygen + removing carbon dioxide

29
Q

is the contracted diaphragm flat or curved upwards

A

flat

(relaxed = curved upwards)

30
Q

does the diaphram contract or relax when the lungs are inflated

A

contract (flat diaphram)

31
Q

Info about insects gas exchange

A

-they are very active during parts of their life cycle
-mainly land dwelling animals
-relatively high oxygen requirements
-have a tough exoskeleton

32
Q

What’s the order of the parts in an insects respiratory system (3) (+2 extra details)

A

-spiracle
-tracheae
-tracheoles

-then reaches muscle
-water in tracheoles

33
Q

what’s the diameter of the tracheae and what is it made of in insects

A

1mm

spirals of chitin

34
Q

What do spiracles do

A

-allows air to enter + leave
-can be opened and closed to reduce water loss
-closed most of the time
-open when the oxygen demand builds or carbon dioxide levels build up.

35
Q

what’s the diameter of tracheoles in insects

A

0.6 - 0.8um

36
Q

How does tracheal fluid work

A

+at the end of tracheoles

-oxygen demand is high (insect flying)
-lactic acid build up in the tissue
-results in the water moving out of the tracheoles by
osmosis
-more area exposed for gaseous exchange

37
Q

water facts (3)

A

water is 100 times denser than air

water is 100 times more viscous

much lower oxygen content

38
Q

Gill facts (4)

A

-they maintain a flow of water in an opposite direction over the gills compared to the blood flow
-large SA
-good blood supply
-thin layers

39
Q

Shape of chitin

A

continuous circular spiral

Year 1 OCR A-Level Biology (11 decks)

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