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Year 1 OCR A-Level Biology > 11 Classification, Evolution and Biodiversity > Flashcards

11 Classification, Evolution and Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Short definition of classification

A

The process of placing living things into groups

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2
Q

why is classification good

A

convenient

studying living things more manageable

makes identification easier

helps identify relationships between species

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3
Q

Order of classification (8)

A

Doman
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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4
Q

What is the binomial system

A

devised by Carl Linnaeus

Genes name is written first with a capital letter and follow it by the species name ( all lower case)

The binomial Latin name is in italics or underlined

FOR EXAMPLE :

Homo sapiens

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5
Q

biological definition of species

A

a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

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6
Q

Phylogenic definition of species

A

a group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics.

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7
Q

Molecular evidence for similar species (3)

A

Comparison of DNA base sequences

Comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins

Immunological comparison of proteins

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8
Q

example of Prokaryote

A

bacteria

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9
Q

example of protoctista

A

Amoeba

paramecium

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10
Q

example of fungi

A

mushrooms

moulds

yeast

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11
Q

example of plantae

A

flowering plants

trees

grasses

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12
Q

example of Animalia

A

mammals

insects

birds

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13
Q

what is phylogeny

A

the name given to the evolutionary relationships between organisms

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14
Q

phylogenetic trees (explanation + diagram)

A

B C present
A \ /
\ /
\/
\ D
\/ E past
\/
common ancestor

  • the closer the branches , the closer the evolutionary relationship
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15
Q

who where Darwin’s influences ( names and their influence)

A

Erasmus Darwin = grandfather, wrote about evolution

Charles Lyell = friend, describes the age of the earth being over 200 years old

Thomas Huxley = friend, argues passionately for his ideas in public

Alfred Wallace = came up with similar ideas to Darwin and wrote to him in 1858. Was doing the same research but his boat sunk with all his specimens inside on his way home.

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16
Q

what where Darwin’s observations (4)

A

1 - Offspring generally appear similar to their parents
2 - no two individuals are identical
3 - Organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
4 - Populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size

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17
Q

what where Darwin’s conclusions (3)

A

1 - there is a struggle to survive
2 - Better adapted individuals survive and pass on their characteristics
3 - Over time, a number of changes may give rise to a new species

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18
Q

What does VCAR stand for

A

Variation
Competition
Adaptation
Reproduction

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19
Q

What can biological molecules show in evolution

A

They can show how closely related species are.

Closely related species that have separated recently will have identical or very similar biological molecules.

species that evolved from one another a long time ago are likely to have greater differences in their biological molecules.

Evidence from Cytochrome C and other proteins show this pattern of changes.

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20
Q

what can embryology and morphology show when compared

A

Relics of evolution can be seen in developing embryos

for example : early human embryos have gills, they are then removed.

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21
Q

What are the 4 common evolutionary features . (evidence of evolution )

A

1 - embryology
2 - protein sequence
3 - DNA comparison
4 - fossil evidence

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22
Q

what is variation

A

difference between individuals

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23
Q

what is a mutation

A

Change in the base sequence of the DNA

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24
Q

what is continuous data

A

wide range of values, represent with a histogram

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25
Q

what is discontinuous data

A

tight categories, represent with a bar chart

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26
Q

what is intERspecific variation

A

Between diffERent species

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27
Q

what is intrAspecific variation

A

Within the sAme species

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28
Q

genotype + environment

A

phenotype

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29
Q

Variation can be …… or ……

A

genetic or environmental

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30
Q

Genetic variation can be from ……….. or a ……….

A

sexual reproduction or a mutation

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31
Q

genetic variation mutations can be either in the ………… or ………

A

chromosome or gene

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32
Q

Genetic gene mutations can occur in 3 ways …….. , …….. or ……..

A

insertion , deletion or substitution

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33
Q

variation in sexual reproduction can happen in 3 ways …….. , …….. or …….

A

random assortment , crossing over or random fertilisation.

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34
Q

How can variation be measured in a population (3)

A

Random sampling
large sample
analysis of data

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35
Q

what data tends to be discontinuous variation (quaLitative / quaNTitative )

A

quaLitative

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36
Q

what data tends to be continuous variation (quaLitative / quaNTitative )

A

quaNTitative

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37
Q

what are some examples of discontinuous variation

A

human blood group
detached ear lobes
flower colour
seed colour
sex in mammals and plants

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38
Q

what are some examples of continuous variation

A

Height in humans
hair colour
heart rate
muscle efficiency
intelligence
growth rate
rate of photosynthesis
length of leaves
number of flagella on bacterium

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39
Q

what are polygenic characters

A

Characteristics showing continuous variation are controlled by the combined effect of a number of genes -polygenes

40
Q

what happens if antibiotics are used to often

A

antibiotic resistance

use of antibodies is a powerful selection pressure on bacteria and has led to highly resistant species of bacteria such as MRSA

41
Q

What is variation

A

the differences in characteristics between organisms are called variations.

42
Q

what makes up/ causes variation (2)

A

genetic variation (genetic material)
environmental variation

43
Q

what are the causes of genetic variation

A

alleles (code for characteristics)

mutations

meiosis (aspects of sexual reproduction)

sexual reproduction (aspects of sexual reproduction)

chance (aspects of sexual reproduction)

44
Q

examples of characteristics determined purely by environmental variation.

A

scars

hydrangeas flower colour (blue=acidic soil)(pink=alkaline soil)

45
Q

what is standard deviation

A

a measure of how spread out the data is

46
Q

What is natural selection + example

A

when a mutation occurs which gives the animal an advantage over its species. Its more likely to survive and pass on its genes .Overtime a whole species may end up having this mutation.

example = bats echolocation

47
Q

In standard deviation if there is less variation what does that mean?

A

you can be more confident about a correct answer

48
Q

what are adaptations

A

Adaptations are characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment.

49
Q

what are anatomical adaptations

A

physical features (internal + external)

50
Q

what are behavioural adaptations

A

the way an organism acts. These can be inherited or learnt from their parents.

51
Q

what are physiological adaptations

A

processes that can take place inside an organism

52
Q

do adaptations fall into one of the specific categories (anatomical, behavioural, physiological)

A

no, many adaptations fall into more than one category

53
Q

examples of anatomical adaptations

A

Body covering
Camouflage
Teeth
Mimicry

54
Q

examples of behavioural adaptations

A

survival adaptations
courtship
seasonal behaviours
migration
hibernation

55
Q

examples of physiological adaptations

A

poison production
antibiotic production
water holding

others are like reflexes = blinking, temperature regulation

56
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

this takes place when unrelated species begin to share similar traits. The similarities evolve because the organisms adapt to similar environments or other selection pressures.

57
Q

explain the main importance of biodiversity and what it includes

A

includes plants, animals, fungi and other living things

essential in maintaining a balanced ecosystem for all organisms

all species depend on one another

most human activity reduces biodiversity

tropical moist regions have the most biodiversity

58
Q

how many plant species live in the amazon

A

over 40,000

59
Q

what assessment has to occur when a major project is undertaken

A

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

60
Q

what 3 different levels are biodiversity studied at

A

habitat biodiversity
species biodiversity
genetic biodiversity

61
Q

what is habitat biodiversity

A

the number of different habitats in an area

as each habitat supports lots of species, the greater the habitat biodiversity the greater the species diversity

62
Q

What is species biodiversity (2 parts of it)

A

-Species richness (amount of DIFFERENT species in an area)
-Species evenness (number of INDIVIDUALS of each species)

63
Q

what is conservation

A

the name given to the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural habitat in an area.

Organisms chances of survival are maintained, allowing them to reproduce.

64
Q

what is In Situ Conservation

A

maintains the genetic diversity of species

maintains evolutionary adaptations

allows endangered species to interact with other species

65
Q

Wildlife reserves

…… techniques may include

A

once an area has been designated as a wildlife reserve, active management is required:

controlled grazing

restricting human access

controlling poaching

feeding animals

reintroduction of species

culling or removal of invasive species

halting succession

66
Q

what are marine conservation zones

A

less well established than terrestrial ones

reserves coral reefs + species

its aim to create an area where populations can build up and repopulate adjacent areas

67
Q

what is ex situ conservation

A

removes organisms from their natural habitat

normally used in addition to in situ measures, ensuring the survival of a species.

68
Q

what are botanic gardens

how many are there in the world

how many species of plants do they all hold

A

it provides species with the best resources to grow, such as the provision of soil nutrients, sufficient watering and the removal or prevention of pests.

there are roughly 1,500 botanic gardens worldwide

holding roughly 35,000 plant species

69
Q

what are seed banks

how long can they be viable for

what’s the name of seed bank in Norway and how many seeds does it store

what plant species almost all die if stored this way

A

its an example of a gene bank, a store of genetic material

seeds are dried and stored at temperatures of -20 degrees Celsius to maintain their ability’s to germinate.

can be viable for centuries

The ‘Svalbard doomsday valt’ stores 800,000 seeds in the permafrost (aims to hold 3 million seeds)

Some seeds die when dried and frozen = most tropical rainforest trees

70
Q

what is random sampling

A

selecting individuals by chance, everything has equal likely hood of selection

71
Q

what is non random sampling

A

individuals are not chosen at random

72
Q

what is opportunistic sampling

A

Uses organisms that are conveniently available

Its the weakest form of sampling, may not be representative of population

73
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

population is divided into sub-groups, on particular characteristics

A random sample is then taken from each subgroup

74
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

Different areas within an overall habitat are identified, which are then sampled separately

75
Q

what are captive breeding programmes

A

Produce offspring of species in a human controlled environment

often managed or run by zoos and aquatic centres

Aim to create a stable, healthy population of a species

some animals born in captivity may not be suitable for release in the wild

76
Q

what’s a negative about selective breeding

A

reduced genetic diversity

77
Q

what is a keystone species

A

an organism that helps define an entire ecosystem

78
Q

what’s a negative about agriculture

A

reduced biodiversity

79
Q

what is monoculture + example

A

a field/ area of one species (farming fields)

80
Q

what occurred in Yellowstone National Park

A

it shows how one organism can effect an ecosystem and its topography (wolves where re introduced)

81
Q

to sample animals what 5 strategies can you use?

A

Pooter

sweep nets

pitfall traps

Tree beeting

kick sampling

82
Q

how does sampling animals using the pooter method work?

A

collects small insects

by sucking a mouthpiece, insects are drawn into the holding chamber via the inlet tube. A filter before before the mouthpiece prevents them from being sucked into the mouth.

83
Q

how does sampling animals using the Sweep nets method work?

A

a net used to catch insects in areas of long grass

84
Q

how does sampling animals using the pitfall traps method work?

A

catches crawling invertebrates. A deep hole in the ground covered higher up by a cover so it doesn’t fill with rain.

85
Q

how does sampling animals using the tree beeting method work?

A

a white sheet is placed out around a tree and the tree is then shaken. All bugs on the sheet are then collected.

86
Q

how does sampling animals using the kick sampling method work?

A

the river bank is kicked for a period of time to disturb the substrate. Any organisms released are captured in a net downstream.

87
Q

what is the Lincoln index

A

Capture-mark-release-recapture

by then comparing the number of marked and unmarked individuals, scientists can estimate a population size.

88
Q

what are different versions of genes called

A

Alleles

89
Q

what creates genetic biodiversity

A

The differences in alleles among a species creates genetic biodiversity.

90
Q

what factors effect genetic biodiversity (9)

A

mutations

gene flow

selective breeding

captive breeding programmes

rare breeds

artificial cloning

genetic bottlenecks

the founder effect

genetic drift

91
Q

what states that any pattern found in the experiment is due to chance

A

null hypothesis

92
Q

what gives you a number to compare to your test statistic

A

critical value

93
Q

what shows the range of data about a mean

A

standard deviation

94
Q

what shows the correlation between 2 variables

A

chi squared

95
Q

what test compares 2 means

A

T-test

96
Q

ADD MORE TO DECK ON THE MATHS SECTION OF THIS TOPIC

A
97
Q

What is a gene loci

A

A specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.

It could code for eye colour for example

Year 1 OCR A-Level Biology (11 decks)

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