11 Classification, Evolution and Biodiversity Flashcards
Short definition of classification
The process of placing living things into groups
why is classification good
convenient
studying living things more manageable
makes identification easier
helps identify relationships between species
Order of classification (8)
Doman
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What is the binomial system
devised by Carl Linnaeus
Genes name is written first with a capital letter and follow it by the species name ( all lower case)
The binomial Latin name is in italics or underlined
FOR EXAMPLE :
Homo sapiens
biological definition of species
a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
Phylogenic definition of species
a group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics.
Molecular evidence for similar species (3)
Comparison of DNA base sequences
Comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins
Immunological comparison of proteins
example of Prokaryote
bacteria
example of protoctista
Amoeba
paramecium
example of fungi
mushrooms
moulds
yeast
example of plantae
flowering plants
trees
grasses
example of Animalia
mammals
insects
birds
what is phylogeny
the name given to the evolutionary relationships between organisms
phylogenetic trees (explanation + diagram)
B C present
A \ /
\ /
\/
\ D
\/ E past
\/
common ancestor
- the closer the branches , the closer the evolutionary relationship
who where Darwin’s influences ( names and their influence)
Erasmus Darwin = grandfather, wrote about evolution
Charles Lyell = friend, describes the age of the earth being over 200 years old
Thomas Huxley = friend, argues passionately for his ideas in public
Alfred Wallace = came up with similar ideas to Darwin and wrote to him in 1858. Was doing the same research but his boat sunk with all his specimens inside on his way home.
what where Darwin’s observations (4)
1 - Offspring generally appear similar to their parents
2 - no two individuals are identical
3 - Organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
4 - Populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size
what where Darwin’s conclusions (3)
1 - there is a struggle to survive
2 - Better adapted individuals survive and pass on their characteristics
3 - Over time, a number of changes may give rise to a new species
What does VCAR stand for
Variation
Competition
Adaptation
Reproduction
What can biological molecules show in evolution
They can show how closely related species are.
Closely related species that have separated recently will have identical or very similar biological molecules.
species that evolved from one another a long time ago are likely to have greater differences in their biological molecules.
Evidence from Cytochrome C and other proteins show this pattern of changes.
what can embryology and morphology show when compared
Relics of evolution can be seen in developing embryos
for example : early human embryos have gills, they are then removed.
What are the 4 common evolutionary features . (evidence of evolution )
1 - embryology
2 - protein sequence
3 - DNA comparison
4 - fossil evidence
what is variation
difference between individuals
what is a mutation
Change in the base sequence of the DNA
what is continuous data
wide range of values, represent with a histogram
what is discontinuous data
tight categories, represent with a bar chart
what is intERspecific variation
Between diffERent species
what is intrAspecific variation
Within the sAme species
genotype + environment
phenotype
Variation can be …… or ……
genetic or environmental
Genetic variation can be from ……….. or a ……….
sexual reproduction or a mutation
genetic variation mutations can be either in the ………… or ………
chromosome or gene
Genetic gene mutations can occur in 3 ways …….. , …….. or ……..
insertion , deletion or substitution
variation in sexual reproduction can happen in 3 ways …….. , …….. or …….
random assortment , crossing over or random fertilisation.
How can variation be measured in a population (3)
Random sampling
large sample
analysis of data
what data tends to be discontinuous variation (quaLitative / quaNTitative )
quaLitative
what data tends to be continuous variation (quaLitative / quaNTitative )
quaNTitative
what are some examples of discontinuous variation
human blood group
detached ear lobes
flower colour
seed colour
sex in mammals and plants
what are some examples of continuous variation
Height in humans
hair colour
heart rate
muscle efficiency
intelligence
growth rate
rate of photosynthesis
length of leaves
number of flagella on bacterium
what are polygenic characters
Characteristics showing continuous variation are controlled by the combined effect of a number of genes -polygenes
what happens if antibiotics are used to often
antibiotic resistance
use of antibodies is a powerful selection pressure on bacteria and has led to highly resistant species of bacteria such as MRSA
What is variation
the differences in characteristics between organisms are called variations.
what makes up/ causes variation (2)
genetic variation (genetic material)
environmental variation
what are the causes of genetic variation
alleles (code for characteristics)
mutations
meiosis (aspects of sexual reproduction)
sexual reproduction (aspects of sexual reproduction)
chance (aspects of sexual reproduction)
examples of characteristics determined purely by environmental variation.
scars
hydrangeas flower colour (blue=acidic soil)(pink=alkaline soil)
what is standard deviation
a measure of how spread out the data is
What is natural selection + example
when a mutation occurs which gives the animal an advantage over its species. Its more likely to survive and pass on its genes .Overtime a whole species may end up having this mutation.
example = bats echolocation
In standard deviation if there is less variation what does that mean?
you can be more confident about a correct answer
what are adaptations
Adaptations are characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment.
what are anatomical adaptations
physical features (internal + external)
what are behavioural adaptations
the way an organism acts. These can be inherited or learnt from their parents.
what are physiological adaptations
processes that can take place inside an organism
do adaptations fall into one of the specific categories (anatomical, behavioural, physiological)
no, many adaptations fall into more than one category
examples of anatomical adaptations
Body covering
Camouflage
Teeth
Mimicry
examples of behavioural adaptations
survival adaptations
courtship
seasonal behaviours
migration
hibernation
examples of physiological adaptations
poison production
antibiotic production
water holding
others are like reflexes = blinking, temperature regulation
what is convergent evolution
this takes place when unrelated species begin to share similar traits. The similarities evolve because the organisms adapt to similar environments or other selection pressures.
explain the main importance of biodiversity and what it includes
includes plants, animals, fungi and other living things
essential in maintaining a balanced ecosystem for all organisms
all species depend on one another
most human activity reduces biodiversity
tropical moist regions have the most biodiversity
how many plant species live in the amazon
over 40,000
what assessment has to occur when a major project is undertaken
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
what 3 different levels are biodiversity studied at
habitat biodiversity
species biodiversity
genetic biodiversity
what is habitat biodiversity
the number of different habitats in an area
as each habitat supports lots of species, the greater the habitat biodiversity the greater the species diversity
What is species biodiversity (2 parts of it)
-Species richness (amount of DIFFERENT species in an area)
-Species evenness (number of INDIVIDUALS of each species)
what is conservation
the name given to the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural habitat in an area.
Organisms chances of survival are maintained, allowing them to reproduce.
what is In Situ Conservation
maintains the genetic diversity of species
maintains evolutionary adaptations
allows endangered species to interact with other species
Wildlife reserves
…… techniques may include
once an area has been designated as a wildlife reserve, active management is required:
controlled grazing
restricting human access
controlling poaching
feeding animals
reintroduction of species
culling or removal of invasive species
halting succession
what are marine conservation zones
less well established than terrestrial ones
reserves coral reefs + species
its aim to create an area where populations can build up and repopulate adjacent areas
what is ex situ conservation
removes organisms from their natural habitat
normally used in addition to in situ measures, ensuring the survival of a species.
what are botanic gardens
how many are there in the world
how many species of plants do they all hold
it provides species with the best resources to grow, such as the provision of soil nutrients, sufficient watering and the removal or prevention of pests.
there are roughly 1,500 botanic gardens worldwide
holding roughly 35,000 plant species
what are seed banks
how long can they be viable for
what’s the name of seed bank in Norway and how many seeds does it store
what plant species almost all die if stored this way
its an example of a gene bank, a store of genetic material
seeds are dried and stored at temperatures of -20 degrees Celsius to maintain their ability’s to germinate.
can be viable for centuries
The ‘Svalbard doomsday valt’ stores 800,000 seeds in the permafrost (aims to hold 3 million seeds)
Some seeds die when dried and frozen = most tropical rainforest trees
what is random sampling
selecting individuals by chance, everything has equal likely hood of selection
what is non random sampling
individuals are not chosen at random
what is opportunistic sampling
Uses organisms that are conveniently available
Its the weakest form of sampling, may not be representative of population
what is stratified sampling
population is divided into sub-groups, on particular characteristics
A random sample is then taken from each subgroup
what is systematic sampling
Different areas within an overall habitat are identified, which are then sampled separately
what are captive breeding programmes
Produce offspring of species in a human controlled environment
often managed or run by zoos and aquatic centres
Aim to create a stable, healthy population of a species
some animals born in captivity may not be suitable for release in the wild
what’s a negative about selective breeding
reduced genetic diversity
what is a keystone species
an organism that helps define an entire ecosystem
what’s a negative about agriculture
reduced biodiversity
what is monoculture + example
a field/ area of one species (farming fields)
what occurred in Yellowstone National Park
it shows how one organism can effect an ecosystem and its topography (wolves where re introduced)
to sample animals what 5 strategies can you use?
Pooter
sweep nets
pitfall traps
Tree beeting
kick sampling
how does sampling animals using the pooter method work?
collects small insects
by sucking a mouthpiece, insects are drawn into the holding chamber via the inlet tube. A filter before before the mouthpiece prevents them from being sucked into the mouth.
how does sampling animals using the Sweep nets method work?
a net used to catch insects in areas of long grass
how does sampling animals using the pitfall traps method work?
catches crawling invertebrates. A deep hole in the ground covered higher up by a cover so it doesn’t fill with rain.
how does sampling animals using the tree beeting method work?
a white sheet is placed out around a tree and the tree is then shaken. All bugs on the sheet are then collected.
how does sampling animals using the kick sampling method work?
the river bank is kicked for a period of time to disturb the substrate. Any organisms released are captured in a net downstream.
what is the Lincoln index
Capture-mark-release-recapture
by then comparing the number of marked and unmarked individuals, scientists can estimate a population size.
what are different versions of genes called
Alleles
what creates genetic biodiversity
The differences in alleles among a species creates genetic biodiversity.
what factors effect genetic biodiversity (9)
mutations
gene flow
selective breeding
captive breeding programmes
rare breeds
artificial cloning
genetic bottlenecks
the founder effect
genetic drift
what states that any pattern found in the experiment is due to chance
null hypothesis
what gives you a number to compare to your test statistic
critical value
what shows the range of data about a mean
standard deviation
what shows the correlation between 2 variables
chi squared
what test compares 2 means
T-test
ADD MORE TO DECK ON THE MATHS SECTION OF THIS TOPIC
What is a gene loci
A specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.
It could code for eye colour for example
