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Year 1 OCR A-Level Biology > 1 Cells and Microscopes > Flashcards

1 Cells and Microscopes Flashcards

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1
Q

How are proteins made and secreted? - (from gene to leaving the cell)

A
  • gene coded instructions
    -instructions are transcribed into a length of mRNA and exits nucleus through nuclear pores
    -goes to ribosomes, instructions are translated
    -insulin molecules are assembled
    -everything passed into the cisternae
    -vesicles pinched off, pass via microtubules + motor proteins
    -vesicles fuse to the Golgi Apparatus
    -insulin protein molecules may be modified
    -these are then processed and packaged
    -vesicles are pinched off
    -move to plasma membrane
    -vesicles fuse to plasma membrane
    -opens and released the molecules out of the cell.
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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

-no nucleus
-diameter of cell is 0.1- 0.5 micrometers (um)
-lack cytoskeleton
-no membrane bound organelles
-cell wall is made of peptidoglycan
-divide by binary fission
-70s ribosomes

-bacteria cells

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

-10-100 micrometers (um)
-cell wall is made of cellulose
-divide by mitosis, meiosis
-80s ribosomes

-Yeast, amoebae, plant and animal cells

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4
Q

Chloroplasts

What are the fields called, what they are made of and the liquid found in chloroplasts?

A

fields- grana

grana is made of thylakoids

liquid- stroma

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5
Q

Mitochondria

what is the folded membrane called?

A

cristae

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6
Q

Flagellum

A

cell movement

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7
Q

pilli

A

-transfer genetic material
-hold to surfaces

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8
Q

Villi, microvillus

A

-very thin
-increase surface area

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9
Q

cytoskeleton

A

-support cell shape
-direct substances + organelles

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of fibers?

A

-Microfilaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules

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11
Q

Shape and diameter of microfilaments

A

-Thread-like
- 3-6 nm diameter

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12
Q

Shape and diameter of intermediate filaments

A

-rope like
- 10nm

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13
Q

shape and diameter of microtubules

A

-hollow
- 24nm

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14
Q

Electron micrograph

A

A photo of an image seen using an electron microscope

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15
Q

Magnification

A

The number of times larger an image appears compared with the size of the object

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16
Q

Organelles

A

Small structures within cells, each of which has a specific function

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17
Q

Photomicrograph

A

Photo of an image seen using an optical microscope

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18
Q

Resolution

A

The clarity of an image, the higher the resolution = the clearer the image

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19
Q

Total Magnification (calculation)

A

Magnifying power of the objective lens (times)
magnifying power of the eyepiece lens

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20
Q

Optical microscopes

A
  • cheap (relatively)
    -easy to use
    -portable
    -used in schools, colleges etc.
21
Q

Laser scanning microscopes

how it works and how its seen

A

-laser light to scan an object point by point
-displayed on a computer screen
-depth selectivity

22
Q

Electron microscope

both types (similarities)

A

-Great deal of skill to use
-training needed
-large and expensive
-beam of fast traveling electrons
-electrons get fired from a cathode
-focused by magnets onto a screen or photographic plate

23
Q

Transmission electron microscopes

-specimen
-2D or 3D
-color or b+w
-electrons

A

-Specimen is dehydrated and stained
-electrons pass through
- 2D image
-Black and White image

24
Q

Scanning electron microscope

-2D or 3D
-color or b+w
-electrons

A

-do not pass through, electrons ‘bounce off’
-3D image
- black and white image but false color can be added

25
Q

Laser confocal microscopes

-specimen ( 2 info)
-2D or 3D

A

-Specimen is stained
-Sample living things
-3D image

26
Q

Homogenisation

A

Grind/ break up material

27
Q

Centrifugation order
(organelles)

A

-nucleus
-mitochondria, chloroplasts
-microsomes
-ribosomes

28
Q

Eyepiece graticule

A

-the measuring device put in the eyepiece (the ruler viewed under the microscope, cannot easily remove it)

29
Q

Stage graticule

A

-Scale put on stage
-Used to calibrate the value of the eyepiece divisions at different magnifications.

30
Q

Order of small measurements (after cm)

A

milli -10-3 - mm
micro -10-6 - um
nano -10-9 - nm
pico -10-12 - pm

31
Q

Flagella

A

-Long appendages which rotate by a ‘motor’ in the cell envelope
-to move the cell and create motility

32
Q

Cell envelope

A

-Outermost layer of a bacterial cell
-protect, maintain shape
-Allow appropriate metabolism growth + division of the cell

33
Q

Ribosomes

A

-protein synthesis
-large and small subunit

34
Q

Genophore

A

-Long double strand of DNA usually in one large circle
-Includes most of the genetic material of the organism

35
Q

Nucleoid

A

-Most of the bacterial DNA is found here
-not membrane bound

36
Q

Capsule

A

This layer of polysaccharide protects the bacterial cell
-Serves as a barrier against phagocytes by white blood cells

37
Q

Plasmid

A

-Small circular DNA fragments
-Contain code responsible for antibiotic resistance

38
Q

Storage Granule

A

Nutrients and reserves may be stored in these cytoplasmic inclusions in the form of glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates or in some cases Sulphur or mitogen.

39
Q

Pilli, Fimbriae

A

-Hollow hair like structures made of proteins allow bacteria to attach to other cells
-A specialized pili, the sex pilis, allow the transfer of plasmid DNA, from one bacterial cell to another.

40
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

41
Q

Smooth ER

A

-The ER is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane and its varied function suggests the complexity of the eukaryotic cell
-Synthesizes, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates

42
Q

Nucleus

A

-Enclosed in a double membrane
-Holds the DNA

43
Q

Nucleolus

A

-Produces ribosomes
-stores genetic information

44
Q

Rough ER

A

-Numerous ribosomes on its surface
-Ribosomes protein synthesis its collected by the ER for transport throughout the cell.

45
Q

Golgi

A

-Membrane bound structure, with a single membrane
-Modifies proteins, sorts substances for secretion
-‘processes + packages’

46
Q

Vacuole

A

-Membrane bound sack
-Plays a role in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products

47
Q

Peroxisomes

A

-Responsible for protecting the cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide

48
Q

Mitochondrion

A

-Provides the energy the cell needs to move
-Respire to produce ATP

49
Q

Lysomes

A

-Contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular
-Secretes harmful enzymes out of the cell.

Year 1 OCR A-Level Biology (11 decks)

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