2 Biological Molecules Flashcards
Carbohydrates
(contains? form/ratio)
-Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-C*(H2O)y = (CH2O)n
A single sugar unit
Monosaccharide
2 linked sugar units
disaccharide
Multiple/ many sugar units linked
Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide examples
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Disaccharide examples
Lactose
Sucrose
Maltose
Polysaccharide examples
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
A monomer is a …
single unit
A polymer is made up of …
multiple repeating units
What does the reaction Hydrolysis need
water
What bond forms Maltose
Glycosidic bond 1.4
(from the covalent bonds)
Cellulose
-where is it found
-subunits
-bond
-branches
-where is it found = Cell Wall (plant cell)
-subunits =beta glucose
-bond = beta 1.4 glycosidic bond
-branches = no
Amylose
-where is it found
-subunits
-bond
-branches
-where is it found =is a starch so is found in leaves
-subunits = alfa glucose
-bond =1.4 glycosidic
-branches = no
Amylopectin
-where is it found
-subunits
-bond
-branches
-where is it found = is a starch, found in leaves
-subunits =alfa glucose
-bond = 1.4 + 1.6 glycosidic
-branches = yes
Glycogen
-where is it found
-subunits
-bond
-branches
-where is it found =liver + muscles
-subunits = alfa glucose
-bond =1.4 + 1.6 glycosidic
-branches = yes
water
-density (ice+water)
-solvent
-Water is more dense than ice ( when the temperature of water goes bellow 4 degrees Celsius the hydrogen bonds fix their polar molecules slightly further apart )
-Ice can float ( because of what’s said above)
-Water can take ions from substances so they are free to move around
Elements present in lipids
-oxygen
-carbon
-hydrogen
Difference in fat and oil
-Oil is a liquid at room temperature
-Fats are solid at room temperature
what makes up a triglyceride
glycerol +3 fatty acids
what are the 5 functions of triglycerides
-Protection , the layer of fat protects organs
-buoyancy
-energy store
-energy source
-insulation
Meaning of hydrophilic
-Attracted to water
-dissolves in water
Triglyceride
-structure + bond
-function
-how structure helps function
-structure + bond =ester bond, 3 fatty acids + glycerol
-function = buoyancy, protection, insulation
-how structure helps function =insoluble
Phospholipid
-structure + bond
-function
-how structure helps function
-structure + bond = 2.4 phosphodiester bond, 2 fatty acids +glycerol + phosphate
-function = protects the cell as a barrier
-how structure helps function = hydrophobic
Cholesterol
-structure + bond
-function
-how structure helps function
-structure + bond = 4 carbon rings, covalent bonds
-function =hormone, membrane stability
-how structure helps function = molecule recognition
What molecule is formed when 2 amino acids join
Dipeptide
Test for Proteins
-chemical used
-colour change
biuret regent
-blue to purple
Test for Carbohydrate reducing sugar
-chemical used
-colour change
-Benedict’s
blue to -green= very low
- yellow= low
-orange= medium
-red= high
Test for carbohydrate non reducing sugar
-chemical used
-colour change
-Benedict’s reagent
-add acid to neutralise
-heat
-blue to red/ orange
Test for carbohydrate starch
-chemical used
-colour change
-Iodine
-yellow/ brown to purple/ black
Test for Lipid
-chemical used
-colour change
-Ethanol + water and shake
-colourless to cloudy white
Test for
-chemical used
-colour change
what do proteins contain (elements and …+… )
-carbon
-Hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-Amino Acid + Peptides
How many types of Amino Acids are there
20
In proteins what bonds form between amino acids
Peptide bonds
When many amino acids are joined by peptide bonds, what is formed
polypeptide
What is a globular protein
+example
-compact
-water soluble
-spherical
-formed when proteins fold into their tertiary structures
-Example = INSULIN
What is a conjuncted protein
+example
-Globular proteins
-Contain a prosthetic group
-Example = lipoproteins, glycoproteins
What is Haemoglobin
-how it works
-Quaternary protein
-The iron ions in haem can reversibly bind with an Oxygen molecule , this is how it takes oxygen around the body.
What is a fibrous Protein
+ example
-Formed from long, insoluble molecules
-Hydrophobic R-group in their primary structures
-Example= keratin, elastin, collagen
Chromatography of proteins
-the process
- A thin layer of silica gel is applied to a rigid surface
-Amino acids are added at one end of the gel
-This end is then submerged in organic solvent
-Organic solvent moving = mobile phase
Rf value calculation
distance moved by substance
_______________________________
solvent front
