7: Attraction Flashcards
Basic principles of attraction.
We like people:
1.
2.
3.
- Who like us.
- Who satisfy out needs.
- Who rewards of knowing outweighs the costs.
When social rewards outweighs the costs, this is known as:
Hint: SAT
Social Exchange Theory
What was the results of Festinger, Schachter and Back (1950) study on proximity?
The closer people lived, the more friendly they were.
Why does proximity have an effect?
1.
2.
3.
4.
(Hint: LACE)
- Lower cost.
- Anticipation of interaction increases liking,
- Cognitive dissonance.
- Ease of availability.
Being exposed to a stimulus increases our liking of it. This is known as the:
(Hint: MEE)
Mere Exposure Effect
Why does familiarity promote liking?
1.
2.
3.
4.
(Hint: APIE)
- Assumed to be similar.
- Predictable.
- Improve recognition.
- Evolutionary adaptive.
Familiarity is effective at promoting liking if social interactions are initially _______ or ______. Liking will not occur if pre-existing _______ are intensified.
Familiarity is effective at promoting liking if social interactions are initially positive or neutral. Liking will not occur if pre-existing conflicts are intensified.
What is the main limit of the Mere Exposure Effect?
Too much exposure can lead to boredom.
What 4 types of similarities between individuals promote liking?
(Hint: AIBP)
- Attitudes
- Interests
- Background
- Personality
What was the result of Newbomb (1961) study on similarity influencing liking?
Similar roommates liked each others, dissimilar roommates dislike each other.
Choosing similar others is known as the:
Hint: MP
Matching Principle.
What were the results of Hill and Peplau (1998) study on similarity?
People match on a variety of attributes, but, friendship and love can transcend differences.
What are the 3 main reasons people prefer others who are similar to themselves?
- More rewarding.
- Less cognitive dissonance.
- More successful with similar others.
What are the 3 main limitations to choosing others who are similar to us?
- Differences can be rewarding.
- Differences allow people to pool knowledge.
- Can lead to echo chambers and bad decisions.
Evidence indicates that attractive people may be more:
socially skilled.
The most attractive faces are:
1.
2.
- average
2. symmetrical
What are the 3 main benefits of online dating?
- Aggregates a large number of profiles.
- Proves opportunities for computer-mediated communication.
- Matches users based on analyses of compatibility.
Is online dating more or less successful than ‘old fashioned’ methods?
Success rates are the same.
What is the main pitfall of online dating?
People providing inaccurate information on their profile.
What percentage of people provide inaccurate information on their profile in at least one characteristic?
81%
Who are more likely to provide inaccurate or misleading information on their online dating profile, men or women?
Both are equally likely.
According to Berscheid and Walter, what type of love strikes suddenly but fades quickly?
Passionate love.
According to Berscheid and Walter, what type of love develops slowly, forming the basis for an enduring relationship?
Companionate love.
According to Berscheid and Walter, what are the 5 qualities of passionate love?
(Hint: EUAPI)
- Emotional.
- Uncontrollable.
- Arousing.
- Preoccupying.
- Idealised.
According to Berscheid and Walter, what are the 4 qualities of companionate love?
(Hint: ACTT)
- Affection.
- Caring.
- Trust.
- Tolerance
According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, the 3 components that make up all relationships is:
- Intimacy.
- Commitment.
- Passion.
According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, a relationship that only has passion is called:
infatuation.
According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, a relationship that has only commitment is called:
empty love.
According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, a relationship that has only intimacy is called:
liking.
According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, a relationship that has intimacy and commitment is called:
Companionate love.
According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, a relationship that has passion and commitment is called:
fatuous love.
According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, a relationship that has passion and intimacy is called:
romantic love.
According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, a relationship that has intimacy, passion and commitment is called:
consummate love.
In infants, the primary goal of attachment is:
protection.
According to Ainsworth (1978), the 3 styles of attachment are:
- Secure
- Anxious/ambivalent
- Avoidant
According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, adult romantic attachment is mediated by our:
- 2.
- Model of self
2. Model of others
According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, in adult romantic attachment, a positive model of self correlates with a:
low set of dependence.
According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, in adult romantic attachment, a negative model of self correlates with a:
high level of dependence.
According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, in adult romantic attachment, a positive model of others correlates with:
low avoidance.
According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, in adult romantic attachment, a negative model of others correlates with:
high avoidance.
According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, in adult romantic attachment, a positive model of self and others leads to what type of attachment?
Secure.
According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, in adult romantic attachment, a positive model of self and negative model of others leads to what type of attachment?
Dismissing.
According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, in adult romantic attachment, a negative model of self and others leads to what type of attachment?
Fearful.
According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, in adult romantic attachment, a negative model of self and positive model of others leads to what type of attachment?
Preoccupied.
According to Bartholomew and Horowitz, what are the 4 types of adult romantic attachment?
(Hint: SPDF)
- Secure
- Preoccupied
- Dismissing
- Fearful
In secure relationships, people are more responsive to:
their partners needs.
What are the 3 characteristics of personal relationships?
- Frequent interaction over a long period of time.
- Many different kinds of activities.
- Strong mutual influence.
According to Thibaut and Kelley, the exchange and coordination of outcomes between interdependent partners is called:
(Hint: IT)
Interdependence Theory
According to Interdependence Theory, gains from an interaction is called a:
reward.
According to Interdependence Theory, negative consequences of an interaction is called a:
cost.
According to Interdependence Theory, the rewards minus the costs is known as the:
outcome.
According to Interdependence Theory, what are the 3 standards we use to evaluate outcomes?
(Hint: PCC)
- Profitability.
- Comparison level.
- Comparison level of alternatives.
According to Interdependence Theory, in order for relationships to work, we needs to _______ benefits for both partners.
According to Interdependence Theory, in order for relationships to work, we needs to maximise benefits for both partners.
According to Interdependence Theory, when is it easiest for both partners to maximise benefits?
When they are similar.
According to Interdependence Theory, what can help relationships when there is a conflict of interest?
1.
2.
- Social norms.
2. Social roles.
Interdependence Theory:
What are the 4 main assumptions of equity theory?
(Hint: MRIP)
- Maximise outcomes.
- Rules foster fairness.
- Inequity fosters distress.
- People try to restore equity.
According to Interdependence Theory, at what stage in a relationship is concerns with equity highest?
At the beginning of the relationship.
According to Interdependence Theory, during a long-term relationship, when are concerns with equity raised?
During times of stress.
According to Interdependence Theory, equity is less important than the:
absolute level of rewards.
What sort of relationships are governed by concern for equity?
Exchange relationships.
What sort of relationships are governed by concern for another’s needs?
Communal relationships.
According to Clark and Mills (1979), what sort of people form exchange relationships?
1.
2.
- Strangers.
2. Casual acquaintances.
According to Clark and Mills (1979), what sort of people form communal relationships?
1.
2.
3.
- Family.
- Friends.
- Romantic partners.
What are the 4 types of reactions to dissatisfaction in a relationship?
(Hint: VLNE)
- Voice
- Loyalty
- Neglect
- Exit
The subjective evaluation of the quality of a relationship is called:
satisfaction.
Forces (pos+ or neg-) that act to keep a person in a relationship is called:
commitment.
Commitment in relationships is increased by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- Satisfaction.
- Values and morals.
- Barriers.
- Investments.
What are the 4 reasons why dissatisfied people stay in a relationship?
- High level of investment.
- Lack of alternatives.
- Moral commitments.
- Low personal control.
An attachment style characterised by a concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desires for intimacy, resulting in a higher than average level of anxiety is called:
Anxious/ambivalent attachment style.
The expectations people develop about relationship with others, based on the relationship that had with their primary caregiver when they were infants is called:
attachment styles.
An attachment style characterised by suppression of attachment needs because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships. This is called:
Avoidant attachment stye.
Relationships in which people’s primary concern is being responsive to the other persons needs is called:
communal relationships.
The feeling of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal, is called:
Companionate love.
People’s expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in an alternative relationship, is called:
(Hint: CLoA)
Comparison Level of Alternatives.
People’s expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in a particular relationship, is called:
Comparison level.
The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which rewards and costs experienced, and the contributions made by both parties, are roughly equal, is called:
Equity theory.
A theory derived from evolutionary biology that holds that men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each others. This is called the:
(Hint: EAtMS)
Evolutionary Approach to Mate Selection
According to the Evolutionary Approach to Mate Selection, men are attracted by women’s _______, whereas, women are attracted by mens ______.
According to the Evolutionary Approach to Mate Selection, men are attracted by women’s appearance, whereas, women are attracted by mens resources.
According to the Evolutionary Approach to Mate Selection, men are attracted by women’s appearance, whereas, women are attracted by mens resources.
This is because it maximised their:
chances of reproductive success.
The attempt to explain behaviour in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time, according to the the principles of natural selection, is called:
evolutionary psychology.
Relationships governed by the need for equity, are called:
exchange relationships.
The theory that people’s commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship in terms of rewards, costs, comparison level and comparison level of alternatives; but also no how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost if they left, is called the:
(Hint: IM)
Investment Model
The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it, is called the:
Mere exposure effect.
An intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfilment and ecstasy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair, is called:
passionate love.
The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends, is called the:
Propinquity effect.
An attachment style characterised by true, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked, is called a:
secure attachment style.
The idea that people’s feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else, is called:
(Hint: SET)
Social Exchange Theory
What are the 5 main causes of attraction?
Hint: PPSRE
- Propinquity Effect.
- Physical attractiveness.
- Similarity.
- Reciprocal liking.
- Evolution and mate selection.
What are the 2 main theories of relationship satisfaction
Hint: SET and ESET
- Social Exchange Theory.
2. Equity Social Exchange Theory
