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NEW Social Psychology > 11: Aggression > Flashcards

11: Aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

Intentional behaviour aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person is called:

A

aggression.

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2
Q

An object that is associated with aggressive responses (e.g. gun) and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression, is called an:

(Hint: AS)

A

aggressive stimulus.

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3
Q

The notion that “blowing off steam” by performing a verbally or physically aggressive at, watching others engage in aggressive behaviours, or engaging in a fantasy of aggression, relate built-up aggressive energies and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behaviours, is called:

A

catharsis.

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4
Q

The theory that frustration, the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal, increases the probability of an aggressive response, is called the:

(Hint: F-AT)

A

Frustration-Aggression Theory

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5
Q

Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury is called:

(Hint: HA)

A

Hostile Aggression

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6
Q

Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain, is called:

(Hint: IA)

A

Instrumental Aggression

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7
Q

Ways of behaving socially, that we learn implicitly from our culture, are called:

A

scripts.

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8
Q

The theory that people learn social behaviour (e.g. aggression) in large part by observing others and imitating them is called:

(Hint: SLT)

A

Social Learning Theory

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of aggression?

A
  1. Hostile aggression.

2. Instrumental aggression.

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10
Q

What are the 4 main arguments towards explaining aggression?

Hint: ECGP

A
  1. Evolution.
  2. Culture.
  3. Gender roles.
  4. Physiological.
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11
Q

What is the evolutionary argument towards explaining aggression?

A

Men are more aggressive than women, starting in childhood. This is so they can defend groups and perpetuate their genes. Nearly all men and animals have the ability to suppress aggression when necessary.

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12
Q

According to evolutionary theory, why do men act out aggressively in sexual jealousy?

A

To protect paternity of their offspring.

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13
Q

In the cultural argument towards explaining aggression, what culture is seen as having lower levels of aggression?

A

Collectivist cultures.

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14
Q

What type of cultural tradition encourages men to respond aggressively to perceptions of threat and disrespect, extending to their male role and identity?

A

Cultures of honour.

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15
Q

What is the gender based argument towards explaining aggression?

A

Men and boys are more likely to engage in overt, physical aggression. Women are more likely to engage in covert, relational aggression.

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16
Q

What is the physiological argument towards explaining aggression?

A

Alcohol and certain drugs increase aggression as they reduce inhibitions and disrupt cognitive processing.

17
Q

What are the 3 situational influences on aggression?

Hint: FPA

A
  1. Frustration.
  2. Provocation and reciprocation.
  3. Aggressive objects as cues.
18
Q

What theory is used to explain the relationship between frustration and aggression as being blocked from achieving one’s goal?

A

The Frustration Aggression Theory

19
Q

What is another social situation, aside from the Frustration Aggression Theory, that is observed contributing towards frustration and aggression?

A

Relative deprivation.

20
Q

What is relative deprivation?

A

The feeling that you have less than you deserve, or others similar to you have.

21
Q

How can provocation and reciprocation influence aggression?

A

We reciprocate the aggressive behaviour of others. If we belief the other persons negative behaviour was unintentional, this effect can be reduced.

22
Q

What were the result of a classic study demonstrating how aggressive objects can act as cues to aggression?

A

Participants angered in the presence of a gun administered stronger electric shocks to their ‘victim’ than those angered in the same setting with a tennis racket.

23
Q

What are the 2 main forms of evidence that aggression is learned by observing an imitating others?

A
  1. Violence in the media.

2. Sexual violence against women.

24
Q

How does violence in the media teach aggression?

A

Most experimental and longitudinal studies indicate that violent content increases aggression in people, especially children.

25
Q

How does violence in the media teach sexual aggression?

A

Violent pornography increases acceptance of sexual violence towards women, mostly on men who are already predisposed to aggression towards women.

26
Q

The main behavioural S-R principle used to explain why individuals become more passive towards violence in the media is:

A

desensitisation.

27
Q

Aside from violence in the media, what else might cause a child to develop a disturbed attitude towards violence?

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Violent or abusive homes..
  2. Violent communities.
  3. Social rejection.
28
Q

What are the 4 characteristics typically observed in sexually aggressive men who rape women?

(Hint: NLHS)

A
  1. Narcissistic traits.
  2. Lack of empathy towards women.
  3. Hostility and contempt towards women.
  4. Sense of entitlement.
29
Q

What social factor may cause accidental rape?

A

Misunderstandings and ambiguities in sexual scripts we follow regarding sexual norms.

30
Q

Does severe punishment reduce aggression in children?

Why?

1.
2.

A

Severe punishment may actually enhance the attractiveness of breaking rules.

  1. Encourages attention seeking.
  2. Makes the child even angrier and more hostile.
31
Q

Does engaging in catharsis reduce aggression? Why?

A

Engaging in catharsis tends to increase aggression.

Because of self justification and the need to reduce dissonance.

32
Q

What type of aggression can catharsis lead to?

Hint: RA

A

Righteous aggression.

33
Q

What 4 things can we do to reduce aggression when we feel angry?

A
  1. Learn to communicate feelings better.
  2. Take responsibility for own actions.
  3. Practice understanding and apology.
  4. Strengthen empathic skills.

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