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NEW Social Psychology > 6: Attitudes > Flashcards

6: Attitudes Flashcards

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1
Q

The evaluation of people, objects and ideas is called:

A

attitudes.

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of attitudes?

Hint: ABC

A
  1. Affective
  2. Behavioural
  3. Cognitive
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3
Q

What is the affective component of attitudes?

A

Our emotional reaction to what we observe.

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4
Q

What is the behavioural component of attitudes?

A

Our actions or observable behaviour.

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5
Q

What is the cognitive component of attitudes?

A

Our thoughts and beliefs.

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6
Q

Attitudes often change due to:

A

social influence.

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7
Q

Communication advocating a particular side of an issue is called:

A

persuasive communication.

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8
Q

An explanation of the two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change is called the:

(ELM)

A

Elaboration Likelihood Model

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9
Q

Under the Elaboration Likelihood Model, what are the 2 routes of persuasion?

A
  1. Central

2. Peripheral

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10
Q

Under the Elaboration Likelihood Model, what is the central route of persuasion?

A

When people are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to arguments in the communication.

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11
Q

Under the Elaboration Likelihood Model, what is the peripheral route of persuasion?

A

When people do not pay attention to the arguments, but are instead swayed by surface characteristics.

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12
Q

The case whereby people elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments, as occurs when people have both the ability and motivation to listen carefully to the communication, is called the:

A

central route of persuasion.

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13
Q

The case whereby people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication, but are instead swayed by peripheral cues, is called the:

A

peripheral route to persuasion.

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14
Q

What makes a person more likely to pay attention to an argument (central route)?

A

If the topic is of personal relevance or related to a persons well-being.

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15
Q

What were the results of Goldman et al. (1981) study on the effects of personal relevance on types of attitude change?

A

When the issue was highly relevant, people were swayed by the quality of the arguments more than the expertise of the speaker. (Central route)

When the issue was low in relevance, people were swayed by the expertise of the speaker more than the quality of the arguments made. (Peripheral route)

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16
Q

When people are unable to pay close attention to an argument, they are swayed more by:

A

peripheral cues.

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17
Q

When people are unable to pay close attention to an argument, they are swayed more by peripheral cues, such as:

1.
2.

A
  1. Status of communicator.

2. Liking or trust of communicator.

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18
Q

Someone with a weak argument can still be persuasive if they:

A

distract their audience.

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19
Q

People who based their attitudes on a careful analysis of the arguments will be more likely to:

1.
2.

A
  1. Maintain this attitude.

2. Behave consistent to this attitude.

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20
Q

People who based their attitudes on a careful analysis of the arguments will be more resistant to:

A

counter-persuasion.

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21
Q

The idea that when people feel their freedom to perform a certain behaviour is threatened, an unpleasant state of reactance is aroused, which they can reduce by performing the threatened behaviour. This is called:

(Hint: RT)

A

Reactance Theory

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22
Q

The strength of the association between an attitude object and a person’s evaluation of that object, measured by the speed with which people can report how they feel about it, is called:

A

Attitude accessibility.

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23
Q

Attitudes will predict spontaneous behaviours only when they are:

A

highly accessible to people.

24
Q

The idea that the best predictors or a person’s planned, deliberate behaviours, are the person’s attitudes towards those behaviours, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control, is called the:

(Hint: ToPB)

A

Theory of Planned Behaviour

25
Q

According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour, only ________ attitudes can be expected to predict specific behaviours.

A

According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour, only specific attitudes can be expected to predict specific behaviours.

26
Q

The three components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour are:

A
  1. Specific attitudes.
  2. Subjective norms.
  3. Perceived behavioural control.
27
Q

Under the Theory of Planned Behaviour, perceived behavioural control explains how intentions are influenced by the _____ in which someone believes they can _______ a behaviour.

A

Under the Theory of Planned Behaviour, perceived behavioural control explains how intentions are influenced by the ease in which someone believes they can perform a behaviour.

28
Q

An attitude based more on people’s feelings and values than on their beliefs about the nature of an attitudinal objects is called an:

(Hint: ABA)

A

Affectively Based Attitude

29
Q

The strength of the association between an attitude objects and a person’s evaluation of that object, measured by the speed with which people can report how they feel about an object is called:

A

attitude accessibility.

30
Q

Making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position is called:

(Hint: AI)

A

Attitude Inoculation

31
Q

An attitude based on observations of how one behaves towards an object is called:

(Hint: BBA)

A

Behaviourally Based Attitude

32
Q

The phenomenon whereby a stimulus elicits an emotional response is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus that does not, until the neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus. This is called:

A

classical conditioning.

33
Q

An attitude based primarily on people’s beliefs about the properties of an attitude object is called a:

(Hint: CBA)

A

Cognitively Based Attitude

34
Q

Attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report are called:

A

explicit attitudes.

35
Q

Persuasive messages that attempt to change people’s attitudes by arousing their fears, is called:

(Hint: F-AC)

A

Fear-Arousing Communication

36
Q

An explanation of the two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change; either systematically processing the merits of the arguments, or using mental shortcuts (heuristics), such as “experts are always right”, is called the:

(Hint: H-S MoP)

A

Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion

37
Q

Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable and at times unconscious are called:

A

implicit attitudes.

38
Q

A personality variable reflecting the extent to which people engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities is called the:

(Hint: NfC)

A

Need for Cognition

39
Q

The phenomenon whereby behaviours we freely choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are followed up by a reward or punishment, is called:

A

Operant conditioning.

40
Q

Words or pictures that are not consciously perceived, but may nevertheless influence people’s judgments, attitudes and behaviours are called:

A

subliminal messages.

41
Q

The study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages, focusing on the:

  1. source of the communication,
  2. nature of communication
  3. nature of the audience,

is called the:

(Hint: YACA)

A

Yale Attitude Change Approach

42
Q

What 4 things influence attitudes to change?

Hint: PECC

A
  1. Persuasive communications.
  2. Emotions.
  3. Cognitive dissonance.
  4. Confidence in one’s own thoughts.
43
Q

What two theories are used to describe how persuasive communications lead to attitude change?

(Hint: YACA and ELM)

A
  1. Yale Attitudinal Change Approach

2. Elaboration Likelihood Model

44
Q

According to the Yale Attitudinal Change Approach, the effectiveness of persuasive communication depends on:

1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Aspects of the communicator.
  2. Source of the message.
  3. Aspects of the message itself.
  4. Aspects of the audience.
45
Q

What are the two routes of persuasion under the Elaboration Likelihood Model?

1.
2.

A
  1. Central

2. Peripheral

46
Q

Name 3 ways in which emotions can cause attitude change:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Fear arousing communications.
  2. Emotions as heuristics.
  3. Appeal to emotion and social identity.
47
Q

Explain how fear arousing communication can cause attitude change.

A

If a moderate amount of fear is aroused and people believe they will be reassured by the content of the message, lasting attitude change can occur.

48
Q

Explain how emotions as heuristics can cause attitude change.

A

If people feel good in the presence of an object, they often infer that they like it, even if those good feelings were caused by something else.

49
Q

Explain how appeal to emotion and social identity can cause attitude change.

A

Persuasive communications tailored to reflect the targets identity can appeal to their emotion and social identity, increasing their effectiveness.

50
Q

What are the 4 ways in which we can resist persuasive messages?

(Hint: RABI)

A
  1. Resisting peer pressure.
  2. Attitude inoculation.
  3. Being alert to product placement.
  4. Identify when freedom of choice is being threatened.
51
Q

In what way can resisting peer pressure help us resist persuasive messages?

A

Teaching kids how to resist peer pressure makes them less vulnerable to it.

52
Q

In what way can attitude inoculation help us resist persuasive messages?

A

Exposign people to small doses of arguments against their position, makes it easier for them to defend themselves again a more persuasive message they hear later.

53
Q

In what way can being alert to product placement help us resist persuasive messages?

A

Forewardning people about attempts to change their attitudes makes them less susceptive to attitude change.

54
Q

What theory can be used to explain how people will resist a persuasive message if they perceive their freedom of choice to be threatened?

A

Reactance theory.

55
Q

What are the 3 ways in which advertising works?

A
  1. Target affectively based attitudes with emotions.
  2. Target cognitively based attitudes with facts.
  3. Making a product seem personally relevant.
56
Q

In addition to changing people’s attitudes towards commercial products, advertisements often transmit:

A

cultural stereotypes.

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