7

Question 1

what drug can be given to prevent the peripheral breakdown of levodopa

Answer 1

Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitos-carbidopa

Question 2

levodopa can be broken down by what

Answer 2

COMT

Question 3

levodopa can be broken down by COMT so drugs such as

Answer 3

entacapone and tolcapone

Question 4

how does gabapentin work

Answer 4

voltage dependent ca channels

Question 5

how does pregabalin work

Answer 5

N type Ca2+ channels

Question 6

how does carbamazepine work

Answer 6

blocks na and Ca2+ channels

Question 7

when do you get a rest tremor

Answer 7

PD

Question 8

when do you get an intention tremor

Answer 8

cerebellar damage eg MS, stroke

Question 9

when do you get a postural/essential tremor

Answer 9

Autosomal dominant essential tremor

hyperthyroidism, anxiety, B agonists

Question 10

what is pseudoathetosis caused by

Answer 10

severe proprioceptive loss

Question 11

describe the Fried model for measuring frailty

Answer 11

1 point for each of 
unintentional weight loss 
low grip strength 
self-reported exhaustion 
low physical activity levels 
slow walking speed 
0=not frail 
1-2=pre-frail 
3+=frail

Question 12

describe the deficit accumulation (Rockwood)

Answer 12

take a large number of body systems 20-80
count how many have a deficit
index divided by total number of systems
number between 0-1

Question 13

what is included in complex geriatric assessment

Answer 13

medical, functioning, social and environmental, psycholocgical

Question 14

what is anterior spinothalamic tract

Answer 14

crude touch and pressure

Question 15

lateral spinothalamic tract transmits what

Answer 15

pain and temperature

Question 16

what happens to the first order neurones in the spinothalamic tract

Answer 16

they arise at sensory receptors in periphery, enter the spinal cord ascend 1-2 vertebral levels and synapse at the tip of the dorsal horn-substantia gelatinosa

Question 17

at what point does the spinothalmic tract become two tracts

Answer 17

2nd order neurones-from substantia gelatinosa to thalamus-they decussate within the cord to form 2 tracts

Question 18

DCML lesions can be seen in what deficiency

Answer 18

B12

Question 19

what can help with neutropenia

Answer 19

G-CSFs eg filgrastim or lenograstim

Question 20

left shift almost always refers to what type of cells

Answer 20

neutrophils

Question 21

what do A delta fibres do

Answer 21

mechanical and thermal nociceptors that are thinly myelinated
they mediate first/fast pain

Question 22

what do C fibres do in pain

Answer 22

they respond to all noxious stimuli
they are unmyelinated
mediate 2nd/slow pain

Question 23

where does the sigmoid sinus drain into

Answer 23

the internal jugular vein

Question 24

what are antibodies produced against in myasthenia gravis

Answer 24

acetylcholine receptors

Question 25

what is lumbar the same as

Answer 25

para-aortic

Question 26

what does deep peroneal nerve innervate

Answer 26

anterior compartment of the leg | tibialis anterior, extensor halluces longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius, extensor digitoum brevis

Question 27

what does the median aperture do

Answer 27

drain CSF into the cisterna magna

Question 28

what is graft versus host disease

Answer 28

results from lymphocytic proliferation | donor lymphocytes sees the recipients lymphocytes as being foreign and can proliferate causing sever complications

Question 29

what can happen to the platelet count as a result of transfusion reaction

Answer 29

thrombocytenia, tends to happen a few days after transfusion

Question 30

what can happen to the calcium level in transfusion reactions

Answer 30

hypocalcaemia

Question 31

which antibody can cause particular problems with transfusion reactions

Answer 31

IgA

Question 32

what is Kleinfelters syndrome

Answer 32

47 XXY | primary features are sterility and small testicles

Question 33

what is Kallmans syndrome

Answer 33

a genetic disorder preventing patient from starting and completing puberty hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism poorly defined secondary sexual characteristics, hypogonadism, infertile and increased risk of osteoporosis and decreased smell

Question 34

what is the antagonist of Benzodiazepines

Answer 34

Flumazenil-benzos are fairly safe in overdose and unlikely to cause resp depression

Question 35

what are some of the side effects of benzodiazepines

Answer 35

paradoxical aggression | anterograde amnesia and impaired coordination (esp Rohypnol)

Question 36

how do benzos help anxiety

Answer 36

``` they decrease anxiety and aggression hypnosis/sedation muscle relaxation anticonvulsant effect anterograde amnesia ```

Question 37

what does GABA cause

Answer 37

hyperpolarisation of cells

Question 38

are benzos GABA agonists or antagonists

Answer 38

agonists