5 Flashcards
where are the tubal tonsils
in the mucosa of the Eustachian tube opening
how does diabetic retinopathy occur
chronic hyperglycaemia, glycosylation of protein at the basement membrane, loss of pericytes, reduced o2 transport causing tissue hypoxia
vasoformative factors produced
neo-vascularisation
haemorrhage/scarring
how do diabetics lose vision
retinal oedema affecting the fovea
vitreous haemorrhage
scarring/tractional retinal detachment
describe mild non proliferative retinopathy
at least 1 dot haemorrhage/microaneursym
rescreen at 12 months
describe mild non proliferative retinopathy
4 or more blot hameorrhages in one half only
rescreen in 6 months
sever retinopathy
4 or more blot haemorrhage in both inferior and superior hemi fields
venous beading
intro0retinal microvascular abnormality-IRMA
REFER
what is epiphora
excessive watering of the eye
what are some complications of mumps
orchitis, oophoritis-which presents with lower abdo pain, high temp, vomiting
pancreatitis
how is conduct disorder treated
multisysystemic therapy-MST, an intense family and community based treatment program that focuses on addressing all environmental systmes that impact chronic and violent juvenile offenders
signalling ia GPCRs,cAMP pathway Gs, Gi
adrenaline, CRH, glucagon
GPCRs (IP3, PKC pathway ) gq
Angiotensin II, GRH, TRH
TRAb antibodies in pregnancy
cross the placenta and cause neonatal hyperthyroidism
what should patients with IFG be offfered
an oral glucose tolerance test
what does an HbA1c of 42-47 mean
prediabetes
why do you treat PCOS with metformin
majority of patients with PCOS have a degree of insulin resistance which can lead to changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis
bilateral parotid tumour
warthrins, usually presents later in life
how do you treat a displaced fracture of olecranon
tension wire band
how does a posterior hip dislocation present
leg shortened and internally rotated
what is more common an anterior or posterior hip dislocation
posterior
what would present with shortening of the limb and external rotation
subtrochanteric fracture
what is stage 2 hypertension
160/100 or ABPM >150/95
what do you do for stage 2 hypertension
lifestyle advise and start on treatment
how do you treat stage 1 hypertension
only treat stage 1 if >20% cardiovascular risk
how do you investigate potential heart failure
BNP levels and if high or previous MI arrange an echo
what is the area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air
bronchopulmonary segment
how many bronchopulmonary segments are there
each lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments
what is a costal groove
inferiorly on deep surface of the ribs and indentation where the intercostal NVB is
where does the diaphragm attach to
sternum
lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
L1-L3 vertebral bodies
how does asprin work
antiplatelet inhibits the production of thromboxane A2
clopidogrel-antiplatelet inhibits ADP binding to its platelet receptor
what do you give for paracetamol overdose
N acetyl cysteine
where is IgA found
in mucosal areas, such as the gut, resp tract, urogenital tracts, also found in saliva tears and breast milk
what is the only Ig that can cross the placenta
IgG
what is the epsp caused by
the activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
what is the normal range of mean arterial blood pressure
70-105mmHg
what protein is activate in Burkitts lymphoma due to chromosomal translocations
c myc
what promotes apoptosis
Fas recptors and caspases promote apoptosis
what is a fatty streak caused by
accumuluation of macrophages
what is coronary artery thrombosis often triggered by
plaque rupture
where is the horizontal fissure
right lung rib 4
where is the oblique fissure
bilaterally at the level of ribs 6 anteriorly rising to T3 posterioly
what does HSP cause
extensor surface of arms and legs
causes abdo pain and polyarthritis
what is chorioretinitis
posterior uveitis
caused by toxoplasmosis and CMV
what is toxoplasmosis
parasite in cats and dogs that can be transferred to humans
what is the treatment for CMV retinitis
oral valganciclovir
what does faecal calprotectin test for
indicated the migration of neutrophils to the intestinal mucosa
what is faecal occult blood testing for
colorectal cancer
what is eGFR calculated using
the MDRD equation
what parameters are included in the MDRD equation
serum creatinine, age, gender and ethnicity
metformin after contrast CT
should be stopped for 48 hours
describe tacrolimus
decreases the incidence of acute rejection compared to ciclosporin
decreased hypertension and hyperlipidaemia
but increased incidence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes
myclophenolate mofetil
blocks purine synthesis by inhibition of IMPDH
inhibits proliferation of B and T cells
side effects are GI and marrow suppression
what does anaemia in CKD predispose to
development of left ventricular hypertrophy which increases mortality in renal patients
what is Acute tubular necrosis
damage to tubular cells due to prolonged ischaemia or toxins, kidneys can non longer concentrate urine or retain sodium, sodium osmolality low, urine sodium high
describe alports syndrome
X linked dominant pattern
due to defect in coding for type IV collagen resulting in an abnormal glomerular basement membrane
can cause failure again pos transplant with a goodpastures like presentation
usually presents in childhood
microscopic haematuria
progressive renal failure
bilateral sensorineural deafness
lenticonus
renal biopsy, splitting of lamina densa seen on electon microscopy
