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5 Flashcards

1
Q

where are the tubal tonsils

A

in the mucosa of the Eustachian tube opening

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2
Q

how does diabetic retinopathy occur

A

chronic hyperglycaemia, glycosylation of protein at the basement membrane, loss of pericytes, reduced o2 transport causing tissue hypoxia
vasoformative factors produced
neo-vascularisation
haemorrhage/scarring

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3
Q

how do diabetics lose vision

A

retinal oedema affecting the fovea
vitreous haemorrhage
scarring/tractional retinal detachment

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4
Q

describe mild non proliferative retinopathy

A

at least 1 dot haemorrhage/microaneursym

rescreen at 12 months

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5
Q

describe mild non proliferative retinopathy

A

4 or more blot hameorrhages in one half only

rescreen in 6 months

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6
Q

sever retinopathy

A

4 or more blot haemorrhage in both inferior and superior hemi fields
venous beading
intro0retinal microvascular abnormality-IRMA
REFER

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7
Q

what is epiphora

A

excessive watering of the eye

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8
Q

what are some complications of mumps

A

orchitis, oophoritis-which presents with lower abdo pain, high temp, vomiting
pancreatitis

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9
Q

how is conduct disorder treated

A

multisysystemic therapy-MST, an intense family and community based treatment program that focuses on addressing all environmental systmes that impact chronic and violent juvenile offenders

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10
Q

signalling ia GPCRs,cAMP pathway Gs, Gi

A

adrenaline, CRH, glucagon

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11
Q

GPCRs (IP3, PKC pathway ) gq

A

Angiotensin II, GRH, TRH

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12
Q

TRAb antibodies in pregnancy

A

cross the placenta and cause neonatal hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

what should patients with IFG be offfered

A

an oral glucose tolerance test

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14
Q

what does an HbA1c of 42-47 mean

A

prediabetes

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15
Q

why do you treat PCOS with metformin

A

majority of patients with PCOS have a degree of insulin resistance which can lead to changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

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16
Q

bilateral parotid tumour

A

warthrins, usually presents later in life

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17
Q

how do you treat a displaced fracture of olecranon

A

tension wire band

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18
Q

how does a posterior hip dislocation present

A

leg shortened and internally rotated

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19
Q

what is more common an anterior or posterior hip dislocation

A

posterior

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20
Q

what would present with shortening of the limb and external rotation

A

subtrochanteric fracture

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21
Q

what is stage 2 hypertension

A

160/100 or ABPM >150/95

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22
Q

what do you do for stage 2 hypertension

A

lifestyle advise and start on treatment

23
Q

how do you treat stage 1 hypertension

A

only treat stage 1 if >20% cardiovascular risk

24
Q

how do you investigate potential heart failure

A

BNP levels and if high or previous MI arrange an echo

25
Q

what is the area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air

A

bronchopulmonary segment

26
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are there

A

each lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments

27
Q

what is a costal groove

A

inferiorly on deep surface of the ribs and indentation where the intercostal NVB is

28
Q

where does the diaphragm attach to

A

sternum
lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
L1-L3 vertebral bodies

29
Q

how does asprin work

A

antiplatelet inhibits the production of thromboxane A2

clopidogrel-antiplatelet inhibits ADP binding to its platelet receptor

30
Q

what do you give for paracetamol overdose

A

N acetyl cysteine

31
Q

where is IgA found

A

in mucosal areas, such as the gut, resp tract, urogenital tracts, also found in saliva tears and breast milk

32
Q

what is the only Ig that can cross the placenta

A

IgG

33
Q

what is the epsp caused by

A

the activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

34
Q

what is the normal range of mean arterial blood pressure

A

70-105mmHg

35
Q

what protein is activate in Burkitts lymphoma due to chromosomal translocations

A

c myc

36
Q

what promotes apoptosis

A

Fas recptors and caspases promote apoptosis

37
Q

what is a fatty streak caused by

A

accumuluation of macrophages

38
Q

what is coronary artery thrombosis often triggered by

A

plaque rupture

39
Q

where is the horizontal fissure

A

right lung rib 4

40
Q

where is the oblique fissure

A

bilaterally at the level of ribs 6 anteriorly rising to T3 posterioly

41
Q

what does HSP cause

A

extensor surface of arms and legs

causes abdo pain and polyarthritis

42
Q

what is chorioretinitis

A

posterior uveitis

caused by toxoplasmosis and CMV

43
Q

what is toxoplasmosis

A

parasite in cats and dogs that can be transferred to humans

44
Q

what is the treatment for CMV retinitis

A

oral valganciclovir

45
Q

what does faecal calprotectin test for

A

indicated the migration of neutrophils to the intestinal mucosa

46
Q

what is faecal occult blood testing for

A

colorectal cancer

47
Q

what is eGFR calculated using

A

the MDRD equation

48
Q

what parameters are included in the MDRD equation

A

serum creatinine, age, gender and ethnicity

49
Q

metformin after contrast CT

A

should be stopped for 48 hours

50
Q

describe tacrolimus

A

decreases the incidence of acute rejection compared to ciclosporin
decreased hypertension and hyperlipidaemia
but increased incidence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes

51
Q

myclophenolate mofetil

A

blocks purine synthesis by inhibition of IMPDH
inhibits proliferation of B and T cells
side effects are GI and marrow suppression

52
Q

what does anaemia in CKD predispose to

A

development of left ventricular hypertrophy which increases mortality in renal patients

53
Q

what is Acute tubular necrosis

A

damage to tubular cells due to prolonged ischaemia or toxins, kidneys can non longer concentrate urine or retain sodium, sodium osmolality low, urine sodium high

54
Q

describe alports syndrome

A

X linked dominant pattern
due to defect in coding for type IV collagen resulting in an abnormal glomerular basement membrane
can cause failure again pos transplant with a goodpastures like presentation
usually presents in childhood
microscopic haematuria
progressive renal failure
bilateral sensorineural deafness
lenticonus
renal biopsy, splitting of lamina densa seen on electon microscopy

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