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1
Q

where are the tubal tonsils

A

in the mucosa of the Eustachian tube opening

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2
Q

how does diabetic retinopathy occur

A

chronic hyperglycaemia, glycosylation of protein at the basement membrane, loss of pericytes, reduced o2 transport causing tissue hypoxia
vasoformative factors produced
neo-vascularisation
haemorrhage/scarring

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3
Q

how do diabetics lose vision

A

retinal oedema affecting the fovea
vitreous haemorrhage
scarring/tractional retinal detachment

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4
Q

describe mild non proliferative retinopathy

A

at least 1 dot haemorrhage/microaneursym

rescreen at 12 months

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5
Q

describe mild non proliferative retinopathy

A

4 or more blot hameorrhages in one half only

rescreen in 6 months

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6
Q

sever retinopathy

A

4 or more blot haemorrhage in both inferior and superior hemi fields
venous beading
intro0retinal microvascular abnormality-IRMA
REFER

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7
Q

what is epiphora

A

excessive watering of the eye

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8
Q

what are some complications of mumps

A

orchitis, oophoritis-which presents with lower abdo pain, high temp, vomiting
pancreatitis

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9
Q

how is conduct disorder treated

A

multisysystemic therapy-MST, an intense family and community based treatment program that focuses on addressing all environmental systmes that impact chronic and violent juvenile offenders

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10
Q

signalling ia GPCRs,cAMP pathway Gs, Gi

A

adrenaline, CRH, glucagon

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11
Q

GPCRs (IP3, PKC pathway ) gq

A

Angiotensin II, GRH, TRH

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12
Q

TRAb antibodies in pregnancy

A

cross the placenta and cause neonatal hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

what should patients with IFG be offfered

A

an oral glucose tolerance test

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14
Q

what does an HbA1c of 42-47 mean

A

prediabetes

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15
Q

why do you treat PCOS with metformin

A

majority of patients with PCOS have a degree of insulin resistance which can lead to changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

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16
Q

bilateral parotid tumour

A

warthrins, usually presents later in life

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17
Q

how do you treat a displaced fracture of olecranon

A

tension wire band

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18
Q

how does a posterior hip dislocation present

A

leg shortened and internally rotated

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19
Q

what is more common an anterior or posterior hip dislocation

A

posterior

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20
Q

what would present with shortening of the limb and external rotation

A

subtrochanteric fracture

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21
Q

what is stage 2 hypertension

A

160/100 or ABPM >150/95

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22
Q

what do you do for stage 2 hypertension

A

lifestyle advise and start on treatment

23
Q

how do you treat stage 1 hypertension

A

only treat stage 1 if >20% cardiovascular risk

24
Q

how do you investigate potential heart failure

A

BNP levels and if high or previous MI arrange an echo

25
what is the area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air
bronchopulmonary segment
26
how many bronchopulmonary segments are there
each lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments
27
what is a costal groove
inferiorly on deep surface of the ribs and indentation where the intercostal NVB is
28
where does the diaphragm attach to
sternum lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages L1-L3 vertebral bodies
29
how does asprin work
antiplatelet inhibits the production of thromboxane A2 | clopidogrel-antiplatelet inhibits ADP binding to its platelet receptor
30
what do you give for paracetamol overdose
N acetyl cysteine
31
where is IgA found
in mucosal areas, such as the gut, resp tract, urogenital tracts, also found in saliva tears and breast milk
32
what is the only Ig that can cross the placenta
IgG
33
what is the epsp caused by
the activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
34
what is the normal range of mean arterial blood pressure
70-105mmHg
35
what protein is activate in Burkitts lymphoma due to chromosomal translocations
c myc
36
what promotes apoptosis
Fas recptors and caspases promote apoptosis
37
what is a fatty streak caused by
accumuluation of macrophages
38
what is coronary artery thrombosis often triggered by
plaque rupture
39
where is the horizontal fissure
right lung rib 4
40
where is the oblique fissure
bilaterally at the level of ribs 6 anteriorly rising to T3 posterioly
41
what does HSP cause
extensor surface of arms and legs | causes abdo pain and polyarthritis
42
what is chorioretinitis
posterior uveitis | caused by toxoplasmosis and CMV
43
what is toxoplasmosis
parasite in cats and dogs that can be transferred to humans
44
what is the treatment for CMV retinitis
oral valganciclovir
45
what does faecal calprotectin test for
indicated the migration of neutrophils to the intestinal mucosa
46
what is faecal occult blood testing for
colorectal cancer
47
what is eGFR calculated using
the MDRD equation
48
what parameters are included in the MDRD equation
serum creatinine, age, gender and ethnicity
49
metformin after contrast CT
should be stopped for 48 hours
50
describe tacrolimus
decreases the incidence of acute rejection compared to ciclosporin decreased hypertension and hyperlipidaemia but increased incidence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes
51
myclophenolate mofetil
blocks purine synthesis by inhibition of IMPDH inhibits proliferation of B and T cells side effects are GI and marrow suppression
52
what does anaemia in CKD predispose to
development of left ventricular hypertrophy which increases mortality in renal patients
53
what is Acute tubular necrosis
damage to tubular cells due to prolonged ischaemia or toxins, kidneys can non longer concentrate urine or retain sodium, sodium osmolality low, urine sodium high
54
describe alports syndrome
X linked dominant pattern due to defect in coding for type IV collagen resulting in an abnormal glomerular basement membrane can cause failure again pos transplant with a goodpastures like presentation usually presents in childhood microscopic haematuria progressive renal failure bilateral sensorineural deafness lenticonus renal biopsy, splitting of lamina densa seen on electon microscopy

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