1 Flashcards
what is postural hypertension
drop in systolic BP>20mmHg or diastolic >10mmHg after standing for 3min vs lying
what is Kussmaul respiration
deep sighing breaths in severe metabolic acidosis (helps to blow off excess CO2)
what is the crux of the heart
junction of all 4 chambers
what is the purpose of and where are the fibrous rings of the heart
fibrous cardiac skeleton acts as an electrical insulator ensuring that there is only one point of electrical conduction between the atrial and ventricular myocardium
fibrous rings round all of the cardiac valves and fibrous part of the septum
what does the presynaptic fibre connect between
CNS and ganglion
what doe ganglion synapse between
axon of presynaptic neurone and cell body of postsynaptic neurone
what does a postsynaptic fibre connect between
ganglion and organ
what si the composition of the total body fluid
2/3 intracellular ad 1/3 extracellular
what is the extracellular fluid made up of
plasma volume and interstitial fluid volume
which clotting factor does dabigatran inhibit
IIa
what clotting factor does rivaroxaban inhibit
Xa
when are anticoagulants used
DVT
PE
NSTEMI
af
when are fibrinolytic drugs used
PE (selected cases only)
CVA
what are examples of fibrinolytic drugs
streptokinase
tPA
how is the blood supplied to the largest arteries
the largest arteries are elastic as they have many sheets of elastic fibres in tunica media
only inner half of wall can obtain nutrients from lumen so have own blood supply
VASO VASORUM
what is a single layer of flattened epithelial cells found in the heart called
mesothelium
what is found between the tow mesothelial layers
pericardial cavity which secretes a small abount of serous fluid to lubricate for movement
what are the signs of end organ damage due to hypertension
LV hypertrophy, creatinine raised, albuminuria/microalbuminuria
retinopathy
what are the causes of secondary hypertension
common renal disease -renal artery stenosis, glomerulonephritis obstructive sleep apnoea aldosteronism-conns reno-vascular disease
what does reactivation of the herpes simplex virus cause
shingles
where do they cardiac visceral afferents travel in
cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
what do APs generated in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe bring about
contraction of the body wall skeletal muscle
what do APs of the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe bring about
APs arriving here bring about body wall somatic sensations into consciousness
where does herpes simplex virus lie dormant
in posterior root ganglion
what is primary prevention
stopping a disease before it starts
what is secondary prevention
stopping a disease from being as bad as it could be
what is tertiary prevention
stopping later complications from developing
what is aortic dissection
when a tear in the tunic intima of the aorta causes blood to flow between the layers if the wall if the aorta, forcing the layers apart
high pressure rips the tissue of the media apart along the laminated plane
when does JVP occur
after right atrial pressure
what is the a wave in JVP represent
atrial contraction
what does the c wave in JVP represent
bulging of tricuspid valve into atrial during ventricular contraction
what does v wave in JVP represent
rise of atrial pressure during atrial filling, release as AV valves open
what does phase 4 in the ventricular myocyte represent
resting membrane potential
what is an artery with a dilatation greater than 50%
an aneurysm
what is the main cuase of peripheral vascular disease
atherosclerosis
