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6 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the pharmacological treatment of urge incontinence

A

1st line=anticholinergics eg oxybutynin and darifenacin

2nd line=B 3 agonists eg mirabegron

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2
Q

describe pharmacological options for overflow incontinence

A

STOP ANTICHOLINERGICS

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3
Q

describe pharmacological option for stress incontinence

A

SNRI eg duloxetine

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4
Q

how does duloxetine work

A

increases muscle tone in urethra

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5
Q

how does oxybutynin and darifenacin work

A

inhibit involuntary contractions and increase voiding intervals

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6
Q

what letter is used for whey dominant milk

A

I

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7
Q

what is bilirubin bound to when it is conjugated

A

bound to serum albumin and transferred to the liver where it is conjugated to glucaronate conjugated (direct) bilirubin and excreted into bile

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8
Q

what is the round ligament

A

remnant of gubernaculum extending for uterine horns to labia majora via inguinal canal

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9
Q

what is the function of the round ligament

A

to maintain anteverted position of the uterus

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10
Q

where are level I axillary lymph nodes

A

inferior and lateral to pec minor

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11
Q

where are level II axillary lymph nodes

A

deep to pec minor

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12
Q

where are level III axillary lymph nodes

A

superior and medial to pec minor

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13
Q

why can pernicious anaemia appear mildly jaundice

A

intramedullary haemolysis

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14
Q

where is the retromammary space

A

between fascia and breast

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15
Q

in excitotoxicity what does neuronal depolarization do

A

release glutamate

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16
Q

in excitotoxicity astrocyte reuptake inhibition causes what

A

failure of glutamate reuptake

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17
Q

when do you get ionic oedema

A

in SIADH and hyponatraemia

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18
Q

what makes up the striatum

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

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19
Q

what makes up the corpus striatus

A

caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

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20
Q

what makes up the lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus and putamen

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21
Q

what is the pattern of loss in brown sequard syndrome

A

ipsilateral motor and dorsal column sensory

contralateral spinothalamic sensory level

22
Q

what drug do you use for prophylaxis of cluster headaches

A

verapamil

23
Q

what is first line drug for trigeminal neuralgia

A

carbamazepine

24
Q

where does CO2 bind to in the haemoglobin

A

the globin portion

25
Q

describe schizoid personality disorder

A

withdrawal from affectional, social and other contacts

this person is isolated and has a limited capacity to experience pleasure and express feelings

26
Q

describe histrionic

A

shallow and labile affectivity and theatricality. there is a lack of consideration for others and tendency for egocentricity
often crave excitement and attention

27
Q

anakastic

A

doubt perfectionism and excessive conscientiousness
compulsion to check and preoccupation with details
stubborn, cautious and rigid
inconsistent and unwelcome thoughts may intrude or impulses that don’t attain severity of OCD

28
Q

what is Othello syndrome

A

pathological jealously

29
Q

what personalities make up cluster C

A

anakastic, anxious and dependent

30
Q

what personalities make up cluster B

A

dissocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissitic

31
Q

what makes up a narcisstic personality

A

grandiose, self-importance, exaggerated achievements and abilities, exploits others, arrogant

32
Q

pattern of personality disorder is manifested in 2 or more of

A

cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control

33
Q

what is the most prevalent PD

A

anakastic

34
Q

describe avoidant PD

A

pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequency and hypersensitive to negative evaluation

35
Q

how would people with avoidant PD react

A

avoid occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact because of fear of criticism, disapproval, rejection
unwilling to get involved unless certain of being liked
preoccupation with being criticized or rejected
unusually reluctant to take personal risks/engage in new actiivites

36
Q

what are the 2 factors of psychopathy

A

interpersonal/affective and social deviance

37
Q

what is only drug thought to benefit borderline PD

A

olanzapine

38
Q

what AB are used in pregnancy for UTI

A

1st/2nd trimester nitrofurantoin

3rd trimester=trimethoprim

39
Q

how are breast abscesses treated

A

send pus for culture, flucloxacillin 1g QDS for 7-10 days

40
Q

what is webers syndrome

A

ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia

41
Q

where does the stroke in webers syndrome happen

A

in the midbrain

42
Q

what is a hydrocele

A

excess fluid between the parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis

43
Q

the inferior epigastric artery is a branch of what artery

A

external iliac artery

44
Q

when can the uterine fundus start to be palpated

A

above the pubic symphysis from 12 weeks gestation

45
Q

by 20 weeks the fundus of the uterus has reached

A

the umbilicus

46
Q

by 36 weeks the fundus of uterus has reached

A

xiphisternum

47
Q

when can they syphysiofundal height be measured from

A

20 weeks

48
Q

MCA stroke features

A

contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss and weakness of face and upper limb

49
Q

ACA stroke features

A

contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss LOWER

50
Q

what is MS associated with

A

transverse myelitis

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