6 Flashcards
describe the pharmacological treatment of urge incontinence
1st line=anticholinergics eg oxybutynin and darifenacin
2nd line=B 3 agonists eg mirabegron
describe pharmacological options for overflow incontinence
STOP ANTICHOLINERGICS
describe pharmacological option for stress incontinence
SNRI eg duloxetine
how does duloxetine work
increases muscle tone in urethra
how does oxybutynin and darifenacin work
inhibit involuntary contractions and increase voiding intervals
what letter is used for whey dominant milk
I
what is bilirubin bound to when it is conjugated
bound to serum albumin and transferred to the liver where it is conjugated to glucaronate conjugated (direct) bilirubin and excreted into bile
what is the round ligament
remnant of gubernaculum extending for uterine horns to labia majora via inguinal canal
what is the function of the round ligament
to maintain anteverted position of the uterus
where are level I axillary lymph nodes
inferior and lateral to pec minor
where are level II axillary lymph nodes
deep to pec minor
where are level III axillary lymph nodes
superior and medial to pec minor
why can pernicious anaemia appear mildly jaundice
intramedullary haemolysis
where is the retromammary space
between fascia and breast
in excitotoxicity what does neuronal depolarization do
release glutamate
in excitotoxicity astrocyte reuptake inhibition causes what
failure of glutamate reuptake
when do you get ionic oedema
in SIADH and hyponatraemia
what makes up the striatum
caudate nucleus and putamen
what makes up the corpus striatus
caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
what makes up the lentiform nucleus
globus pallidus and putamen
what is the pattern of loss in brown sequard syndrome
ipsilateral motor and dorsal column sensory
contralateral spinothalamic sensory level
what drug do you use for prophylaxis of cluster headaches
verapamil
what is first line drug for trigeminal neuralgia
carbamazepine
where does CO2 bind to in the haemoglobin
the globin portion
describe schizoid personality disorder
withdrawal from affectional, social and other contacts
this person is isolated and has a limited capacity to experience pleasure and express feelings
describe histrionic
shallow and labile affectivity and theatricality. there is a lack of consideration for others and tendency for egocentricity
often crave excitement and attention
anakastic
doubt perfectionism and excessive conscientiousness
compulsion to check and preoccupation with details
stubborn, cautious and rigid
inconsistent and unwelcome thoughts may intrude or impulses that don’t attain severity of OCD
what is Othello syndrome
pathological jealously
what personalities make up cluster C
anakastic, anxious and dependent
what personalities make up cluster B
dissocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissitic
what makes up a narcisstic personality
grandiose, self-importance, exaggerated achievements and abilities, exploits others, arrogant
pattern of personality disorder is manifested in 2 or more of
cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control
what is the most prevalent PD
anakastic
describe avoidant PD
pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequency and hypersensitive to negative evaluation
how would people with avoidant PD react
avoid occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact because of fear of criticism, disapproval, rejection
unwilling to get involved unless certain of being liked
preoccupation with being criticized or rejected
unusually reluctant to take personal risks/engage in new actiivites
what are the 2 factors of psychopathy
interpersonal/affective and social deviance
what is only drug thought to benefit borderline PD
olanzapine
what AB are used in pregnancy for UTI
1st/2nd trimester nitrofurantoin
3rd trimester=trimethoprim
how are breast abscesses treated
send pus for culture, flucloxacillin 1g QDS for 7-10 days
what is webers syndrome
ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia
where does the stroke in webers syndrome happen
in the midbrain
what is a hydrocele
excess fluid between the parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis
the inferior epigastric artery is a branch of what artery
external iliac artery
when can the uterine fundus start to be palpated
above the pubic symphysis from 12 weeks gestation
by 20 weeks the fundus of the uterus has reached
the umbilicus
by 36 weeks the fundus of uterus has reached
xiphisternum
when can they syphysiofundal height be measured from
20 weeks
MCA stroke features
contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss and weakness of face and upper limb
ACA stroke features
contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss LOWER
what is MS associated with
transverse myelitis
