Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

stay awhile, don't deny the violet chemistry > 6B. Organic Chemistry 1 [SET 2] > Flashcards

6B. Organic Chemistry 1 [SET 2] Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Molecule only contains hydrogen and carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define homologous series

A
  • same general formula
  • SIMILAR CHEMICAL properties
  • TREND in PHYSICAL properties
  • same functional groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define functional group

A

The group of the molecule that determines which group the molecule is a member of and its physical and chemical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give the suffixes for:
a) No double bonds
b) At least one double bond
c) An alcohol
d) An aldehyde
e) A ketone
f) A carboxylic acid

A

a) No double bonds -ane
b) At least one double bond -ene
c) An alcohol -ol
d) An aldehyde -al
e) A ketone -one
f) A carboxylic acid -oic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Organic compounds which only contain single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A

Organic compounds that contain at least one carbon carbon double covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define structural isomerism

A

When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 ways in which structural isomers can be formed?

A
  1. Alkyl groups can be in different places
  2. Functional groups can be bonded to different parts
  3. There can be different functional groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but have different arrangement of atoms in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is E-Z isomerism and how are E and Z isomers differentiated?

A

E-Z isomerism is caused by the limited rotation about C=C
double bonds. If the two substituents with the highest molecular mass are on the same side of the double bond, it is the Z (zusammen) isomer [zame zide].
If they are on different sides, it is the E (entgegen) isomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Cis-trans isomerism?

A

Special type of E/Z isomerism where the two substituents on each carbon atom are the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

It happens when each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are radicals?

A

Highly reactive, neutral species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is a covalent bond formed from two radicals?

A

The radicals collide and the electrons are involved the bond formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation of crude oil

A
  1. The oil is pre-heated then passed into a column.
  2. The fractions condense at different heights and the temperature of column decreases upwards
  3. The separation of the fuels depends on boiling point which depends on size of molecules. The larger the molecule the larger the London forces
  4. Similar molecules (size, bp, mass) condense together and so are collected at the same fraction
  5. Small molecules condense at the top at lower temperatures and big molecules condense at the bottom at higher temperatures.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the reforming of crude oil?

A

It is processing of straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons for efficient combustion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the 𝜎 (sigma) bond in alkane

A

The sigma bond is a covalent bond which has a direct overlap of the s orbitals of the bonding atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What reactions will alkanes undergo?

A

Combustion and reaction with halogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of reaction is combustion?

A

Oxidation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the colour of the bunsen burner flame during complete combustion?

A

Blue flame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which type of hydrocarbon are most likely to undergo incomplete combustion?

A

Longer chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the pollutants formed in the combustion of alkanes?

A

Carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, carbon particulates and unburned hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the environmental impact of carbon monoxide?

A

It is toxic/poisonous, binds to haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the environmental impact of soot (carbon)?
Asthma, cancer, global dimming
26
What are the environmental impacts of nitrogen oxides?
NO is toxic and can form smog NO 2 is toxic and acidic and forms acid rain
27
What are the environmental impacts of unbranched hydrocarbons?
They contribute towards formation of smog
28
What is the importance of catalytic converter?
These remove CO, oxides of nitrogen and unburned hydrocarbons (e.g. octane, C8H18) from the exhaust gases, turning them into less toxic products CO 2 , N 2 and H 2 O.
29
What are biofuels?
They are fuels developed from renewable resources. Alcohols and biodiesel are two examples of renewable plant- based fuels
30
What are the advantages of biofuels?
- Reduces of use of non-renewable fossil fuels - Use of biodiesel is more carbon-neutral - Fossil fuels can be used feedstock for organic compounds - Less large scale pollution
31
What are the disadvantages of biofuels?
- Less food crops may be grown because crops for biofuel would be grown instead - Reduction of rain forests have to be cut down to provide land - Shortage of fertile soils
32
How are halogenoalkanes formed from alkanes?
Radical substitution
33
In the presence of what does alkane react with halogens?
UV light
34
What are the three stages of free radical substitution?
Initiation - breaking halogen bond to form free radicals Propagation - chain part of the reaction where products are formed but free radical remains Termination - free radicals removed, stable products formed
35
What are the limitations of free radical substitution?
If there is excess halogen further substitution will take place therefore the desired product will be harder to separate from the others.
36
What is a πœ‹ bond?
Overlap of p orbitals sideways above and below the 𝜎 bond.
37
What are alkenes?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one C=C bond made up of a πœ‹ bond and a 𝜎 bond
38
What bond restricts the rotation of carbon atoms?
πœ‹ bond
39
What is the angle and shape of a double bond?
Trigonal planar 120Β°
40
What is the qualitative test for alkanes?
This tests for C=C double bond using bromine water. If the alkane is present bromine water decolourises.
41
Are they more or less reactive than alkanes? Why?
More reactive due to high electron density of double bond and the fact the pi-bond is slightly easier to break
42
What are the types of isomers that can be formed using alkenes?
E/Z isomers - due to the restricted rotation Cis-trans isomers - if two of the same substituents are attached to each carbon
43
What is an electrophile?
Species that are electron pair acceptors
44
What is the most stable type of carbocation intermediate? Why?
Alkyl groups have a positive inductive effect, so the most stable carbocation is the one bonded to the most other carbon atoms i.e. A tertiary carbocation
45
Major products will be formed from which kinds of carbocations?
Tertiary (or the most stable available)
46
What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition of H 2 O to an alkene? What is this type of reaction called?
Steam in the presence of an acid catalyst, usually phosphoric acid Reaction is called hydration
47
What are the product(s) of the hydration reaction?
An alcohol
48
What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene?
Hydrogen halide gases must be at room temperature
49
What is the reaction called when a halogen is added to alkene?
Halogenation
50
How does a molecule with a non-polar bond react as if it is an electrophile?
C=C double bond with a high electron density induces a temporary dipole in the halogen molecule β†’ Ξ΄+ atom attracted to double bond
51
How can an alkene be converted into alkane? What is the reaction called and what are the required conditions?
Alkene + hydrogen = Alkane Hydrogenation Conditions β†’ 150Β°C, nickel catalyst
52
What is an addition polymer?
Many monomers bonded together via rearrangement of bonds without the loss of any atom or molecule
53
What are monomers? What form do they usually take?
Molecules which combine to form a polymer Usually have a C=C bond which breaks to leave a repeating pattern
54
What are the ways in which plastics can be disposed? (6)
● Landfill ● Combustion ● Electricity generation ● Reuse ● Recycle ● Organic feedstock
55
What are the disadvantages of recycling?
● Plastics must be sorted into different types ● Expensive ● Labour intensive ● Requires high technology
56
How can chemists limit the problems caused by polymer disposal?
- Developing biodegradable polymers - Removing toxic waste gases caused by incineration of plastics
57
Explain what happens in organic feedstock
Plastics are separated and broken down into small organic molecules through a series of reaction. The molecules can then be used produce plastics and in other industries
58
What are haloalkanes?
Saturated organic compounds that contain carbon atoms and at least one halogen atoms
59
Are halogenoalkanes soluble in water?
Insoluble as C-H bonds are non-polar, not compensated for enough by C-X bond polarity
60
Do halogenoalkanes have a polar bond? Why?
Yes polar, as halogen has a higher electronegativity than C (halogen is Ξ΄-, carbon is Ξ΄+)
61
What type intermolecular forces do halogenoalkane have? Why?
Permanent dipole-dipole and London forces of attraction C-X bond polarity creates permanent dipoles
62
When would halogenoalkanes have higher boiling points?
Increase Carbon chain length Halogen further down group 7
63
How would the mass of a haloalkane compare with the mass of an alkane of the same chain length?
Greater as mass of halogen > mass of H
64
What is the most important factor in determining halogen reactivity?
The strength of carbon halogen bond
65
What would bond polarity suggest the order of reactivity would be?
C-F would be most reactive as most polar bond
66
What would bond enthalpies suggest the order of reactivity would be?
C-I would be most reactive as lowest bond enthalpy
67
What is the trend in reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary haloalkanes?
● The tertiary halide produces a precipitate almost instantly. ● The secondary halide gives a slight precipitate after a few seconds. ● The primary halide takes considerably longer to produce a precipitate.
68
Define nucleophile
Electron pair donor
69
Give 3 examples of nucleophiles
:OH - :CN - :NH 3 -
70
What is nucleophilic substitution?
A reaction where a nucleophile donates a lone pair of electrons to Ξ΄+ C atom, Ξ΄βˆ’ atom leaves molecule (replaced by nucleophiles)
71
What is hydrolysis?
A reaction where water is a reactant
72
What reactant often produces hydroxide ions for hydrolysis?
Water
73
What fission does water undergo to produce OH- ?
Heterolytic fission
74
What are the conditions/reactants needed for the elimination reaction of haloalkanes?
NaOH or KOH dissolved in ethanol (no water present) Heated
75
What is formed in the elimination reaction of haloalkanes?
An alkene, water and halogen ion
76
How can you convert a haloalkane into an amine?
Reagent: NH 3 dissolved in ethanol Conditions: Heating under pressure in a sealed tube Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution Type of reagent: Nucleophile - ammonia
77
How do you convert halogenoalkane into alkene?
Use ethanolic potassium hydroxide to produce alkenes (where the hydroxide ion acts as a base)
78
How do you produce nitriles from haloalkane?
Use potassium cyanide to produce nitriles (where the cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile)
79
How can you compare the rate of hydrolysis of haloalkanes?
Aqueous silver nitrate is added to a halogenoalkane and a silver halide precipitation is formed. The quicker the precipitate is formed the faster the rate of hydrolysis. AgI (s) - yellow precipitate [fastest] AgBr(s) – cream precipitate AgCl(s) – white precipitate
80
What is the functional group of an alcohol?
Hydroxyl group -OH
81
What kind of intermolecular forces do alcohols have? Why?
Hydrogen bonding, due to the electronegativity difference in the OH bond
82
How do alcohols’ melting point and boiling point compare to other hydrocarbons’ of similar C chain lengths? Why?
Higher, because they have hydrogen bonding (strongest type of intermolecular force) β†’ stronger than London forces
83
Are alcohols soluble in water? Why does solubility depend on chain length?
Soluble when short chain - OH hydrogen bonds to hydrogen bond in water Insoluble when long chain - non-polarity of C-H bond takes precedence
84
What forms if you partially oxidise a primary alcohol?
An aldehyde
85
What conditions are needed to partially oxidise a primary alcohol?
Dilute sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate (VI), distill product as it’s produced, gentle heating
86
What forms if you fully oxidise a primary alcohol?
A carboxylic acid
87
What conditions are needed to fully oxidise a primary alcohol?
Concentrated sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate (VI), reflux, strong heating
88
What forms if you oxidise a secondary alcohol?
A ketone
89
What conditions are needed for the oxidation of a secondary alcohol?
Concentrated sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate (VI), strong heating
90
Is it possible to oxidise tertiary alcohol?
No
91
What is a dehydration reaction?
A reaction where water is lost to form an organic compound
92
What are the products of dehydration reaction of alcohol?
Alkene and water Concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid and 170Β°C
93
How can you produce bromoalkanes from alcohols?
Use 50% concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium bromide
94
How do you prepare and purify of a liquid organic compound?
1. Heat under reflux 2. Extract with a solvent in a separating funnel 3. Distill 4. Dry with an anhydrous salt 5. Determine boiling temperature

stay awhile, don't deny the violet chemistry (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions