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APE Unit 6 > 6.7 > Flashcards

6.7 Flashcards

1
Q

Science and Society before 1914

A

-people stilled believed the ideas of scientific revolution and enlightenment –> REASON (shown in products of modern technology showed how using reason we can understand the universe) , SCIENCE, PROGRESS (rising standard of living, mass education, urban reforms show how we can improve society)

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2
Q

People’s ideas of Science before 1890s

A
  • science gave certainty and order, unlike religion that no longer had meaning
  • many thought that science would give humanity a complete understanding the world
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3
Q

The Emergence of New Physics

A
  • Isaac Newton’s ideas were very popular

- however, Marie Curie and Einstein questioned him

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4
Q

Isaac Newton

A
  • believed the world is a giant machine
  • matter was composed of indivisible solid MATERIAL bodies called atoms
  • space, time, and matter were objective realities that existed independently of the people observing them
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5
Q

Marie Curie

A
  • she discovered that atoms were not MATERIAL bodies, but small worlds containing subatomic particles where electrons and protons behave
  • she got this idea after discovering an element gave off radiation that came from within the atom
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6
Q

Einstein, theory of relativity

A
  • space and time are not absolute
  • time and space disappear together with things
  • matter and energy related the relativity of time and space (matter is a form of energy)
  • -E=mc squared shows the vast energies contained within the atom
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7
Q

Other people’s views compared to theory of relativity

A
  • space and time are absolute

- if material things disappeared out of the universe, only space and time would be left

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8
Q

Friedrich Nietzsche

A
  • the western world is focused too much on rational/reason, that is why its messed up
  • we should focus on irrational (emotion, passion, instincts)
  • he claimed christianity for the emphasis on reason
  • we can renew society by 1. killing god 2. creating a higher kind of being called the superman
  • he didn’t like political democracy, social reform, and universal suffrage
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9
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • his theories undermined the optimism about rational nature of human mind
  • his ideas added to the uncertainties of the age
  • his ideas gave foundation to PSYCHOANALYSIS
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10
Q

Freud’s Role of the Unconscious

A
  • he believed that behavior was determined by unconscious
  • through the process of repression, unsettling experiences were pushed away from the conscious, but still influenced behavior because they became part of the unconscious
  • the process of repression is explained through id, ego, and superego
  • psychoanalysis was accomplished by the psychotherapist going deep into the memory of the patient and find the original of repression
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11
Q

Id

A
  • center of unconscious drives
  • pleasure principle
  • people directed energy toward pleasure and away from pain
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12
Q

ego

A
  • seat of reason
  • reality principle
  • people rejected pleasure so that they might live together in society
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13
Q

Superego

A
  • place of conscious
  • inhibitions and moral values of society
  • it forces the go to curb the unsatisfactory drives of id
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14
Q

Social Darwinism

A
  • the application of darwin’s principle of organic evolution to the social order
  • free competition was natural selection in action (best companies make profits and others go bankrupt)
  • wealthy business and industrial leaders used this to justify their success and oppose social welfare programs
  • they used it with races and nations (imperialism, racism, militarism)
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15
Q

Darwinism applied to Nationalists

A

-many argued that nations were engaged in struggle for existence in which only the fittest survived

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16
Q

Darwinism applied to Racism

A

-they believed that German were the pure successors and had to fight for western civilization and save from lower races

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17
Q

The Attack on Christianity

A
  • growth of scientific thought + modernization + industrialization + urbanization brought new challenges
  • urbanization = with people no longer in the countryside where churches were the center, churches were excluded in cities
  • political movements also threatened them = government put strict control over church organizations
  • after revolutions of 1848, they looked to the church for order
  • however multiple events caused anticlericalism
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18
Q

Anticlericalism

A
  • the government began to ignore the church (in education, teachings being outlawed)
  • as a result, church and state were separated
  • also SCIENCE had an effect= darwin’s ideas were being accepted and the church forbid the teaching of this, causing more people to hate them
  • also people began to critique the Bible (historical accuracy)
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19
Q

Responses of the Churches

A
  • they rejected these modern ideas = maintaining literal interpretation, Syllabus of Errors
  • Modernism = an attempt by churches to reinterpret Christianity in light of new developments by encouraging social reforms and insisting church provide sense of community
  • they compromised = Pope Leo/ De Rerum novarum
  • some made efforts to win support for christianity among working class poor and restore religious practices among working class = salvation army
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20
Q

Syllabus of Errors

A
  • Pope Pius created it

- condemn nationalism, socialism, religious toleration, freedom of speech and press

21
Q

Pope Leo/ De Rerum novarum

A
  • he accepted darwin’s ideas a hypothesis
  • responded to challenges of modernization
  • in D.R.N. he said yes to private property, but didn’t like how capitalism caused poverty and degradation in working class
  • in D.R.N. he said socialism was mostly in Christian principle, but didn’t like Marxist socialism
22
Q

Literature before 1914

A
  • they rejected traditional literary and artistic styles that dominated europe since the renaissance
  • ever since then, these changes have been called modernism
23
Q

Art before 1914

A

-represent reality as accurately as possibly

24
Q

-represent reality as accurately as possibly

A
  • romantics were attracted to exotic and primitive culture that sparked a fascination with folk music
  • musicians were looking for ways to express their national identities
25
Q

Naturalism

A
  • they accepted material world as real and felt that literature should be realistic
  • they weren’t optimistic
  • Emile Zola, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky
26
Q

Emile Zola

A
  • example of naturalism
  • he showed how alcoholism and different environments affected people’s lives
  • ”the artist must analyze and dissect life” = Rougon-Macquart, a book about the history of family
27
Q

Leo Tolstoy

A

example of naturalism

-War and peace= was realistic in descriptions, shows a fatalistic (excepting that everything will die) view of history

28
Q

Fyodor Dostoevsky

A
  • example of naturalism
  • Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov
  • he said we must incorporate our spirit (no reason!)
  • only through suffering and faith could be the human soul be purified
29
Q

Symbolism in Literature

A
  • they believed an objective knowledge of the world was impossible
  • they believed art should function FOR ITS OWN SAKE instead of serving, critiquing, or seeking to understand society = their poetry was difficult to understand
30
Q

Modernism in Literature

A

-Naturalism and Symbolism

31
Q

Modernism in Arts

A

-impressionism, post-impressionism, the search for individual expression

32
Q

Pissarro

A
  • example of impressionism

- ”Don’t proceed according to rules and principles, but paint what you observe and feel”

33
Q

Monet

A
  • example of impressionism
  • was enchanted with water
  • Impression, Sunrise (in book)
34
Q

Morisot

A
  • example of impressionism
  • she was a women
  • she thought women had a special vision
  • Young Girl by the Window (in the book)
35
Q

impressionism

A
  • emphasized color and light
  • had sense of realism, objective reality, captured a moment in time; slice of life
  • they painted figures from daily life (parisian bourgeoisie) and nature
  • emphasized light and color
  • Pissarro, Monet, Morisot
36
Q

post-impressionism

A
  • emphasized color and light BUT started to pay more attention to structure and form
  • wanted to express inner feelings and produce personal statement of reality
  • subjective reality (putting their own twist on it) (no longer depicting external world)
  • Cezanne, Van Gogh
37
Q

Cezanne

A
  • wanted to express visually the underlying geometric structure and form of everyhing
  • Mont Sainte-Victoire (in book)
38
Q

Vincent Van Gogh

A
  • use color as a form of language!
  • paint what you feel!
  • The Starry Night (in the book)
39
Q

The search for individual expression

A
  • people were not sure what reality was with psychology and new physics
  • then with PHOTOGRAPHY, people wondered what was the point of an artist doing what the camera did better
  • then they realized that artists could create reality and therefore INDIVIDUAL CONSCIOUSNESS became the source of meaning
  • Picasso, Kandinsky
40
Q

Impact of photography

A
  • people wondered what was the point of an artist doing what the camera did better
  • also it challenged how artists traditionally portrayed people and places
41
Q

Picasso

A
  • used CUBISM
  • les Demoiselles d’Avignon (in the book)
  • demonstrates modernists interest in ugly underside of real life
  • exhibits lack of harmony and proportion
42
Q

Cubism

A
  • used geometric designs as visual stimuli to recreate reality in the viewers mind
  • presented multiple views of same object
  • fragmented forms into flat, jagged shapes
  • portrayed flat, two dimensional without traditional linear perspective
43
Q

Kandinsky

A
  • he wanted to avoid representation and art should speak to the soul (no reference to reality)
  • started ABSTRACT PAINTING
44
Q

Modernism in Music

A
  • new flames of nationalistic spirit
  • there was the impressionist music and musical primitivism
  • Grieg, Debussy, Stravinsky
45
Q

Grieg

A
  • nationalism shown in music
  • he paved the way to creation of national music style in Norway
  • Peer Gynt Suite
46
Q

Impressionist Music

A
  • elusive moods, haunting seasnations

- Debussy

47
Q

Debussy

A
  • Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun= recreate in sound the feeling of the poem
  • inspired by visual arts
48
Q

Musical primitivism

A
  • they imitated primitive forms in an attempt to express less refined and genuine feelings
  • Igor Stravinsky
49
Q

Stravinsky

A
  • revolutionized the world of music with a series of ballets
  • songs based on Russian folk tales
  • one song proved to be a revolutionary piece in the development of music
  • was seeking a new understanding of irrational forces

APE Unit 6 (8 decks)

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