6.4 Flashcards
New Products of Second Industrial Revolution
- steel
- chemicals
- electricity
Steel
- new methods of rolling and shaping steel –> more steel produced than iron
- this was one product that Britain no longer produced the most
Chemicals
Britain fell behind in this industry as well (producing alkalies, new organic chemical compounds)
Electricity
- importance —> converted into other forms of energy
- importance–> move over wires
- electricity found—> generators —> single power distribution system for houses, shops etc… (plants)
Thomas Edison
-invented light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell
-invented telephone
Guglielmo Marconi
-sent first radio waves across Atlantic
Effects of electricity
- inventions
- electricity first used for lightning –> now for transportation (subway, streetcars)
- factories –> machines powered by electricity and located anywhere
- 1st IR: coal is major source of energy –> 2nd IR: electricity –> cities that originally fell behind if they didn’t have coal, DID NOT!
The Internal Combustion Engine
- first one–> couldn’t be used as a widespread source of power
- liquid fuels (petroleum) developed –> oil-fired engine
Effects of Internal combustion Engine on the Automobile
- light engine (daimler) invented –> automobile
- americans took the lead in production
- Henry Ford
Effects of Internal combustion Engine on the airplane
-zeppelin started it –> wright brothers (gasoline engine)
Daimler
-invented light engine
Henry Ford
-an AMERICAN who led the production of automobiles with his Model T
Wright Brothers
-made first flight in a plane powered by A GASOLINE ENGINE
New Markets in the Second Industrialization Revolution
- foreign markets have a lot of competition –> go to domestic markets
- population increase after 1870–> rise in national incomes
- lower transportation costs –> price of food and goods go down —> able to spend more on products
- steel and electricity industries –> make production easier –> produce more products to sell –> mass marketing
Mass Marketing
-steel and electricity industries –> make production easier –> produce more products to sell –> mass marketing
Tariffs in the Second INdustrial Revolution
- reaction to new markets
- importance of domestic markets and competition for foreign market –> tariffs which guarantee domestic markets be the only market
Cartels
- reaction to new markets
- companies worked together to control prices –> no longer have reduced prices because of competitions
- popular in GERMANY
Larger Factories
- reaction from cartels
- growing factories –> pressure for great efficiency in factory production
- solution was mechanization of transport within plants (electric cranes ) and interchangeable parts
- interchangeable parts led to assembly line for production
New Patterns in an Industrial Economy
great depression
- german industrial leadership
- need for scientific and technological education
- european economic zones
- new patterns for European agriculture
- spread of industrialization (russia and japan)
- a world economy
Great Depression from 1873-1895
-prices fell and slumps in the business cycle reduced profits
British leadership
- had established industrial plants —> difficult to shift to new techniques of 2IR
- suspicious of innovations –> reluctant to invest in new stuf
- not willing to encourage formal scientific and technical education
german industrial leadership
- later member of revolution –> built latest and most efficient plants
- cartels –> encouraged banks to provide money for investment
- they encouraged formal scientific and technical education
- their leadership in industry altered european balance of power
Need for Scientific and Technical Education
- newer fields of industrial activity –> required more scientific knowledge
- invest in equipment for research or consultants
European Economic Zones #1
- Great Britain, Belgium, France, netherlands, Germany, western part of Austro-Hungarian Empire, northern Italy
- high standard of living, decent systems of transportation, healthy and educated populations
European Economic Zones #2
- southern italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Balkan kingdoms, Russia
- backward, little industrialized area, largely agricultural, controlled by other countries who used them as sources of food and raw materials
New Patterns for European agriculture
- a lot of grain available + lower transportation costs –>
- labor was scarce and expensive –> use machines to harvest
- specialize in other food products
- chemical fertilizers
Spread of Industrialization
-it happened in Russia and Japan
Spread of Industrialization in Japan
- government took lead in promoting industry
- people feeing countryside to cities –> cheap labor
- people worked in horrible conditions
A World Economy
- economic developments + transportation revolution (railroads, marine) —> world economy
- capital invested abroad + high rates of return–> encourage and spread world economy
- foreign countries are basically SURPLUS markets
Opposition to allow Women To Work in factories
- reinforced ideology of domesticity that women should remain at home
- some argued that keeping them out ensured the moral and physical well-being of families
Piece-workers
- since women couldn’t work in factories, when money was needed in the family, they were forced to work there
- not require few skill or equipment –> done at home
- paid poorly and long hours
White-collar jobs
- larger industrial plants + expansion of government services —> white collar jobs
- increase in demand for white collar workers + low wages + shortage of male workers —> hired women
- teachers and nurses were also needed
- they required few skills
Effect of White-collar jobs
- for some, these jobs offered freedom from domestic patterns that were expected, but it was limited (didn’t have a great education as men)
- for some, it was to escape the dirty work of lower-class
Prostitution
- employment was unstable + wages were lower –> only option was prostitution
- government put in Contagious Diseases Act (example of regulating) and some people acted against it, like Butler
Josephine Butler
- protested against the Contagious Diseases Act
- called “shrieking sisters”
- ”why should women be punished, instead of men”
The Angel in the House
- the ideal middle class women
- important role –> family’s moral guardian
- expected to supervise domestics, manage household, direct children’s education
- rising standards of living –> marry at younger age
- rise of cost of child-rearing —> decline in size of middle-class families
Struggle for Legal and Political Rights
- law codes in most european countries gave women few legal rights
- divorce was legalized in britain and france
- catholic countries (spain and italy) did not permit it
- women’s suffrage movement gave attention –> no success
Organizing the Working Class
- socialist parties
- the role of trade unions
- anarchist alternative
- desire to improve working stuff– > first half of 19th century —> trade unions
- desire to improve working stuff– > late 19th century –> political parties and labor unions
Socialist Parties
- german social democratic party (SPD)
- France had marxist and socialist parties, but they all just formed into one that was mostly marxist
- people wanted an “international organization that would strengthen their position against international capitalism”
SPD/ German Social Democratic Party
Liebknecht and Bebel create SPD and used MARXIST ideas
- competed for elections in Reichstag (german parliament) –> success –>
- also worked to put in legislature to improve condition of working class
Jean Jaures
- socialist
- looked to french revolutionary tradition (not marxist) to justify revolutionary socialism
Wilhelm Liebknecht
-created SPD with Bebel
August Bebel
-created SPD with Liebknecht
International Socialism
- people wanted an “international organization that would strengthen their position against international capitalism” (second international)
- this was a fail because of evolutionary socialism / revisionism and nationalism
evolutionary socialism / revisionism/ Bernstein
- it had not broken down, but matured
- middle class is expanding
- proletariat was improving (standard of living)
- workers must organize into political parties and work together
- evolution by democratic means and gradual
- SPD like it and other german socialists parites
orthodox marxist
- accepted likely to occur collapse of capitalism
- accepted the need for socialist ownership of means of production
- middle class is declining
- proletariat was sinking further down
- emphasized class struggle and revolution
- evolution by revolution because the conditions will be so bad that the workers will want to revolt
- german and french socialists didn’t like revisionism
Problems of Nationalism
- another problem for international socialism
- socialist wanted people to be united (despite different nationalities)
- but “socialist parties varied from country to country and remained tied to political concerns and issues”
Trade Unions
- won the right to strike –> started to create trade unions
- striking was important
- the trade unions on the continent (france and germany) weren’t as fast as britain (luddites etc..)
Trade Unions in France
-closely tied to socialism –> splintering –> create national organization —> failed
Trade Unions in Germany
- most were socialist
- strikes and bargaining got sucess –> use revolution for improvements
- started to grow and more successful
The Anarchist Alternative
-trade unions and political parties became less radical –> less revolutions –> move from Marxism to anarchism
Anarchism
- believed people are good and been corrupted by government –> need to abolish current one
- originally non-violent –> then , in 2nd half of 19th century, started to become RADICAL
Michael Bakunin
-thought groups of revolutionaries could use so much violence that state would disintegrate
