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APE Unit 6 > 6.3 > Flashcards

6.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Leading up to the New Age of Science in the 19th century

A
  • the scientific revolution during the 16th and 17th century was only used by the higher class and didn’t benefit everyone
  • during the early 19th century of the industrial revolution people just futzed around instead of using theories and stuff
  • then, with more advances –> interested in basic scientific research–> basic scientific discoveries –> technological improvements that helped many
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2
Q

New Age of Science in the 19th century

A
  • scientists focused on thermodynamics
  • material gains by science and technology–> growing faith in benefits of science—> acceptance of scientific method (observation, experiment, logic)
  • using scientific method to find truth —> increasing secularization–> materialism
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3
Q

Emphasis on thermodynamics in New Age of Science in the 19th century

A

-steam engine–> theoretical foundations worked out–> thermodynamics (relationship between heat and mechanical energy)

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4
Q

Physics in the New Age of Science in the 19th century

A

Louis Pasteur, Dmitri mendeleyev and Michael Faraday

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur:

A

created the germ theory of disease –> used in modern scientific methods

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6
Q

Dmitri Mendeleyev

A

classified material elements –> foundation for periodic table

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7
Q

Michael Faraday:

A

discovered electromagnetic induction–> generator–> foundation for electricity

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8
Q

Materialism

A

belief that truth was found in concrete material existence of human beings instead of feeling (romanticism)

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9
Q

Charles Darwin:

A
  • he created the theory of organic evolution for ANIMALS and PLANTS
  • for HUMANS, he said that we are from the same ancestor as mammals and we are no exception from the organic evolution
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10
Q

Organic Evolution:

A

overpopulation–> struggle for existence–> those who survived was because they had variants which came from natural selection –> passing on variations

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11
Q

Natural Selection

A

variations that selected one and enabled them to survive

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12
Q

Response to Charles Darwin’s theory

A
  • people were controversial because he made humans be ordinary products of nature rather than unique beings (we are animals)
  • his theory also eliminated purpose and design from the universe
  • but it was accepted in the science world
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13
Q

Germs:

A

-louis pasteur discovered germs –> governments and private industries (wine) reacted–> pasteurization
-louis pasteur discovered germs–> started identifying them–> began creating vaccines
-began creating vaccines–> rational means of treating and preventing diseases –> affected surgery and public health
Pasteurization: heating up product to destroy stuff that cause spoilage

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14
Q

Old Surgical Practices:

A
  • set bones, treated wounds, amputated limbs

- they had to struggle with postoperative infection and the inability to lessen pain

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15
Q

New Surgical Practices:

A
  • discovery of germs & anesthesia –> new environment for surgical operations
  • Lister
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16
Q

Lister:

A

he dealt with postoperative infection and created a disinfectant that eliminated it (antiseptic)

17
Q

New Public health Measures

A
  • cholera epidemic –> urban public health movement –> bacterial discovery
  • cholera epidemic–> further public hygiene
  • bacterial discovery–> preventive measures (pasteurization)
18
Q

New Medical Schools

A
  • before, schools were based on apprenticeships–> wanting to have uniform standards –> resistance (entrance requirements, degrees)
  • john hopkins however finally created a standard
19
Q

Women and Medical Schools

A
  • women had difficulty in getting to school –> create separate medical schools –> still more problems of getting job as doctor
  • elizabeth blackwell
20
Q

Elizabeth Blackwell:

A

got accidentally admitted to college and got a degree

21
Q

Science and the Study of Society

A
  • people wanted to apply science to sociology

- this was most shown in Auguste Comte’s work

22
Q

Auguste Comte

A
  • he created a system of “positive knowledge” (positivism)
  • he said that in order to discover the general laws of society, one must collect and analyze data on humans and social environment
23
Q

literary Realists

A

-ordinary characters from real life
-use careful observation and accurate description
-avoided poetry and liked prose and novel
gustave flaubert
-william thackeray
-charles dickens

24
Q

romanticists

A
  • heros
  • flowery and sentimental language
  • like poetry
25
Q

Gustave Flaubert:

A
  • literary Realists
  • Madame Bovary
  • his contempt for bourgeois society was evident in his portrayal of middle class hypocrisy and smugness
26
Q

William Thackeray

A
  • literary Realists
  • Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero
  • he mocked the romantic conventions
  • he said a novel should express reality instead of a tragedy or poem (heroic)
27
Q

Charles Dickens

A
  • literary Realists

- he expressed the real lower and middle class in britain industrial age

28
Q

Realism in Art

A
  • romantic art was still strong!
  • they wanted to depict everyday life of ordinary people
  • they were interested in the natural environment
  • the french were leaders in this
  • Courbet and MIllet
29
Q

Courbet

A
  • realistic artist
  • he revealed in realistic portrayal of everyday life
  • Stone breakers
30
Q

Millet

A
  • realistic artist
  • he depicted scenes from rural life
  • he still contained an element of romantic sentimentality
  • The Gleaners
31
Q

Music: The Twilight of Romanticism

A
  • new group, New German School
  • emphasized emotional content and and created new methods of using music to express ideas
  • Liszt and Wagner
32
Q

Liszt

A
  • he invented the term “symphonic poem” to describe his work
  • it did not obey traditional forms and were based on ideas
  • romantist musician
33
Q

Wagner

A
  • romantist musicians
  • believed opera is the best form of expression
  • created Gesamtkunstwerk
  • he looked to myth and tales from past
  • The Ring of the Nibelung

APE Unit 6 (8 decks)

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