6.6 Flashcards
mass politics
- european states wanted to achieve LIBERAL practices as constitutions and parliaments
- only western states accomplished this
- they used reforms to encourage expansion of political democracy (voting rights, mass political parties)
Reform in Britain from 1871-1890
- their system was GRADUAL reform through PARLIAMENTARY institutions
- their reforms encouraged expansion of political DEMOCRACY
- some reforms made by parliament –> Reform Act of 1884
Reform act of 1884
- extended the voting suffrage
- it gave votes to AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, who have been excluded
The “irish question”
- the Irish parliament by governed by british parliament
- the irish developed a sense of NATIONAL SELF CONSCIOUSNESS
- they wanted to put in the home rule
- although gladstone tried, parliament wouldn’t pass it
home rule
-it meant self-government by having a separate parliament but no complete independence in IRELAND
Timeline of the Third Republic
-creation of paris come –> National Assembly and paris Come fighting –> New Constitution created by National Assembly
Creation of Paris Come
- france defeated in franco-prussian war –> louis napoleon’s second empire fallen
- government was created by universal male suffrage, unlike the provisional government created by REPUBLICANS (otto von bismarck)
- people didn’t like republicans and favored monarchists –> so the national assembly had many of those types of people
- in response, republicans created paris come
National Assembly and paris Come fighting
- national assembly wanted to crush the come
- in this fighting some women stepped forth
- however, the paris come lost
- a new constitution was created
New Constitution created by National Assembly
- it was supposed to be only TEMPORARY
- the members of Senate and Chamber of Deputies were elected +also ministerial responsibility was created and the power of the chamber of deputies was created –> therefore the government’s moderation encouraged more and more middle-class and peasant support
Georges Boulanger
- he attracted those who were mad with the Third Republic –> monarchists, bonapartists, aristocrats, nationalists who wanted a war against germany
- he fled (scaredy cat)
Spain from 1870-1890
- positive –> a parliament was created (liberals and conservatives were the two groups)
- factors for creating discontent –> the liberals were basically conservatives because they were from landowning background + liberals and conservatives followed conservative policies
- people got angry (generation of 1898) and violence erupted
- they were suppressed — > this shows that reform could not be accomplished
generation of 1989
-group in spain that called for political and social reforms
italy
- they couldn’t become a great power because
- people didn’t have loyalty to the new states, but only their same communities
- sectional differences
- catholic church didn’t except the unification
- turmoil between workers and industrialists
- few italians felt impowered
- not many people could vote
- government was weak because of corruption among official and lack of stability
Germany
- after unification, they stilled had divisions –> in the german constitution there was no ministerial responsibility, but responsibility to emperor
- after unification, they also had positives –> parliament was created with legislative bodies , the lower house was elected by universal male suffrage
- no political democracy was created because –> the army didn’t want to be controlled by the government, but by the emperor so they chose Junker landowners and sons of people who were loyal to the emperor
- no political democracy was created because —> Bismark
Bismarck
- at first he supported the liberals –> create common codes of criminal and commercial law, Kulturkampf
- then he started to attack socialism
- he attacked it because he thought it was a danger to the empire (anti nationalist, anti capitalist, anti monarchical)
- he repressed them (no meeting, no publications) and wooded others with his social welfare legislation
- he was unsuccessful
Kulturkampf
-this is when bismarck worked with liberals to attack the church
Austria-Hungary 1870-1890
- Austria failed because —> although they had a parliament with ministerial responsibility, the king ignored it
- there were many minorities were unsatisfied and the ruling austrian germans refused change
- hungary failed because –> although they had a parliamentary system, magyar landowners dominated everything
- the empire was still held together because —> francis joseph (although anti-hungarian) went above national differences, loyal to catholic church (loyalty of minorities), large imperial bureaucracy
nationalities problem
-the problems of minorities (austria hungary)
russia from 1870-1890
- alexander III (father assassinated by anarchists) believed reforms were a mistake
- so he put in extreme reforms –> secret police, advocates of constitutional monarchy and social reform persecuted, radical russification program (more opposition)
- nicholas I continued the absolute power of tsars campaign
Alexander III
- alexander III (father assassinated by anarchists) believed reforms were a mistake
- so he put in extreme reforms –> secret police, advocates of constitutional monarchy and social reform persecuted, radical russification program (more opposition)
Nicholas II
- son of alexander III
- continued the absolute power of tsars campaign
Russification
- only russian language instead of many minorities in schools and stuff
- created more opposition to tsar
Politics from 1890-1914
- political democracy and growth of liberal principles stopped
- mass politics opened door to changes that liberals found unacceptable so liberals were forced to move in new directions
- right wing policies brought on racism
- workers, with new voting rights, elected socialists who demanded new reforms
- women wanted the right to vote
- central and eastern europe, the government didn’t give the demands and this brought tension
The Movement for Women’s Rights
- 1830: women originally fought for property and divorce rights
- women then started to get higher education + go after jobs occupied by men (teaching and nursing)
- 1840s -50s: women fought for equal political rights (Emmeline Pankhurst)
- women also supported peace movements
- the NEW women was created. she renounced traditional feminine roles
Emmeline Pankhurst
-they used unusual publicity stunts to call attention to their demands (egging government officials, chaining themselves to lampposts)
Suffragists
-their main goal was the right of women to full citizenship in the nation-state
The Positive side for Jews in the 19th century
-because of the enlightenment and french revolution, they were granted legal equality and were emancipated. this meant that they could go to universities and parliaments
Anti-Semitism in the Austrian Empire and Germany
- german nationalism blamed jews for the corruption of german culture
- some groups in germany used anti-semitism to win the votes of traditional lower middle class groups who felt threatened by new economic forces of the time
- in germany, man
Jews in Eastern Europe
- they were persecuted and there were pogroms organized
- many fled to US or canada or PALESTINE
The Zionist movement
- many wanted the idea of national independence in palestine and escape from persecution
- theodor herzl helped with this
- establishing settlements in palestine was difficult because it was part of the ottoman empire and the ottomans opposed jewish immigration
Theodor herzl
- he supported the zionist movement
- he wrote a book
Britain from 1890-1914
- liberals were forced to move away from their ideals after having pressure from working class organizations
- these movements wanted social reform + the need for them to use their right to vote to pass legislation that would benefit them
- these movements favored evolution toward a socialist state by DEMOCRATIC means
- liberals figured out that they would have to enact a program of social welfare or lose the support of workers –> so they abandoned laissez faire and voted for social reforms –> they transformed the liberalist idea of the government that governs least governs best
labour party
- the trade unions and fabian socialists formed this party
- these movements favored evolution toward a socialist state by democratic means
David Lloyd George
-he put in a series of social reforms to please the workers by taxing the wealthy
Britain and Ireland from 1890-1914
- they agreed to the home rule
- but ! the protestant and catholic states didn’t want to be with each other
Italy from 1890-1914
- giovanni giolitti used transformism, but this made the system corrupt and therefore people mad
- although giolitti tried to appeal to them, they were still mad
- altogether, it showed how liberals had even greater problems
Transformism
-old political groups were transformed into new government coalitions by political and economic bribery
Dreyfus Affair
- Dreyfus (jew) was found guilty, but proven innocent
- obviously a catholic officer was guilty, but the catholic officers refused a new trial
- although he was found guilty again, the government pardoned dreyfus
Effect of Dreyfus Affair outside
-Hertzel realized that jews needed a country to their own, leading to zionist movement
Effect of Dreyfus Affair in France/ France from 1890-1914
- it deepened political divisions
- moderate republicans were replaced by radical republicans who wanted to make society more democratic by breaking the power of republic’s enemies (army and church) —> therefore, church and state were separate
- therefore, there was no threat from right to third republic
- however there were still some problems –> french lagged behind in industrial activity, little was done to improve the conditions of working class
Germany from 1890-1914
- it continued as an authoritarian, conservative, military-bureaucratic power state under the reign of william II
- germany became the strongest military and industrial power on the continent
- growth of industrialization led to expansion of SPD and william II was not successful in slowing its growth
- SPD wanted more reforms rather than revolutions
- with growing cities people wanted more reforms that would produce greater democratization and conservative forces tried to block it
- the result was conflict between modernization and traditionalism
Austria-Hungary 1890-1914
- minorities who now had UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE, wanted their own independence and stressed this in parliament
- so people just ignored the parliament and relied on imperial emergency decrees to govern
- when austria industrialized, two NATIONALISTIC groups came out: Social Democrats (nationalities threaten industrialization and prevent improvement for workers) and Christian Socialists
- hungary also wanted to be completely separate from austria
- francis joseph threatened them with universal male suffrage (think about)
- hungary then stopped asking because they were scared
Leading up to Revolution of 1905
- russia became industrialized
- industrialization –> bad conditions –> socialist parties –>became underground and revolutionary
- these parties wanted to overthrow the tsarist authority and establish peasant socialism
- they started to get violent–> revolution of 1905
Cause of Revolution of 1905
- Russians got defeated by Japan
- people wanted liberal political system
- minorities were mad
- peasants were suffering from lack of land
- laborers and conditions
- food shortage from war with japan
Revolution of 1905
- everyone got crazy after troops fired on protest
- nicholas II issued october manifesto that granted civil liberties and agreed to created duma
- now the middle class moderates were happy
Duma
- legislative assembly elected directly by a broad franchise
- came from revolution of 1905
Failure of the Revolution of 1905
-nicholas II didn’t follow the durma and fell back on the army and bureaucracy to rule Russia
