6.5 Endocrine System Flashcards
What does homeostasis involve? (5)
Maintaining internal environments between limits, including
- Blood pH,
- carbon dioxide concentration,
- blood glucose concentration
- body temperature
- water balance
Explain the phone with Stacy is involves monitoring levels of variables and correcting changes in levels by negative feedback mechanisms
Negative feedback: is mechanism in which a certain condition causes an opposite effect in the body
Specialize receptors changes and internal conditions,if conditions rise above a set o point which would (compared should be the optimum condition of homeostasis) a negative mechanism is sent to signal opposite of that change (below set point of homeostasis) to attempt to balance condition
State that the endocrine system…
Consists of glands that release hormones that are transported in the blood.
Explain the control of body temperature including the transfer of heat in blood and the roles of the hypothalamus sweat glands skin arteriolesand shivering (first if overheating)
- Body temp needs to be at an average of 36.8
- if gets too high or too low hypothalamus receives information from thermoreceptors and activate cooling or warming mechanisms to different parts of the body to return temp to 36.8
Overheating
Skin
-arterioles widen/dialate = increase warm blood flow to skin, warm blood from core comes in contact w/ relatively cools air = heat is lost to environment
Sketal muscles
-relax to generate less heat (if contract release heat into body)
Sweat glands
- causes sweat
- water evaporates on soon (uses heat from skin) and changes state from liquid to gas = loss of heat, cooling of skin
Explain the control of body temperature including the transfer of heat and blood in the rules of the hypothalamus gland skin arterioles and shivering (if too cold)
- Body temp needs to be at an average of 36.8
- if gets too high or too low hypothalamus receives information from thermoreceptors and activate cooling or warming mechanisms to different parts of the body to return temp to 36.8
Skin
-arterioles CONSTRICTS
=decrease blood flow to soon, therefore less heat is lost to environment
Skeletal muscles
-shiver, many small rapid contractions to generate heat
Sweat Glands
-do not secrete sweat to conserve heat within skin
Explain the control of blood glucose concentration including the roles of Glucagon, insulin and alpha and beta cells in the pancreatic islets (start with if too high glucose)
- blood glucose level is usually 4-8 mm per dm^3 of blood
- pancreas cells monitor glucose levels
- controlled by negative feedback
High glucose levels trigger:
- beta cells in pancreas islets (cluster of cells) produce insulin
-insulin opens up protein channels to stimulates liver and muscles to absorb glucose
by glucose -> glycogen (which is stored in cytoplasm of liver and muscles)
-insulin also increases permeability of cells to glucose = more glucose enters cells
- negative feedback, high glucose levels cause body mechanisms to decreased blood glucose levels
-if glucose is (still) too high, usually converted into fats
Explain the control of blood glucose concentration including the roles of glycogen, insulin and Alpha and beta cells in the pancreatic islets (if too low)
- blood glucose level is usually 4-8 mm per dm^3 of blood
- pancreas cells monitor glucose levels
- controlled by negative feedback
Low glucose levels trigger:
- alpha cells in pancreas islets release GLUCAGON (no insulin involved)
- glycogen stimulates liver and muscles cells to turn the glycogen into glucose
- glucose enters blood stream =high blood glucose levels
Distinguish between type one and type two diabetes
Type 1:
- early onset (childhood)
- beta cells produce insufficient amounts of insulin
- need injections
- auto-immune disease (own body attacking your B cells)
Type 2:
- later onset
- target fells lose sensitivity to insulin
- can be sometimes controlled with diet
- not auto immune disease: insulin resistance
What is the nervous system comprised of?
Central nervous system, peripheral nerves, & neurons that carry rapid electrical impulses
Draw and label a structure of the motor neuron
Include: dendrites, neuron cell body, nucleus, excellent, myelin sheet, nodes of Ranvier, motor endplate
How are nerve impulses can ducted to the central nervous system
Nerve impulses are conducted from receptors to the central nervous system by sensor in the central nervous system by reeling from the central nervous system just factors by motoneurons
Define resting potential, depolymerization, active potential, repolarization
Resting potential: charged your friends across membrane when you’re on is not firing, -60
Depolymerization: change from resting potential to active potential, negative to positive, -60 30
Active potential:charge your friends across membrane when you’re on is firing, 30 envy.
Repolarization: charge change from positive active potential to negative resting potential 30 to -65
Explain how the nerve impulse pass along non-myelinated neuron
Resting potential: sodium potassium pump maintains electrochemical gradients of resting potential at -60, and sodium out potassium inside, net negative inside accident deposited outside accident. Action potential response to signal sodium gates open and enter into the axon which is depolymerization. Positive inside at 30. One area of the accident initiates the next area – self propagate.
Return to resting potential: axon at ap for another action potential to go back to Resting potential therefore repolarizes
na gates closedGates open potassium flows out and goes to her car rephrase that doesn’t get close so you has to move Sonya back outside and potassium back inside ATP energy is needed
Explain the principles of synaptic transfer
Calcium ions diffuse interna buttons, vesicles with near a transmitter to use with plasma membrane and release neurotransmitters, near transmitters diffuse across the synaptic class, near transmitters bind with the receptor proteins and postsynaptic neuron because it depolarized, binding with that I am binding cause the island channels to open it and potassium move through the channels causes action potential, near transmitters degraded by enzymes and release from receptor protein, sodium ions channels clothes, near a transmitter fragments diffuse back through synaptic cleft to be reassembled and presynaptic neuron
