6.5 ECOSYSTEMS Flashcards

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1
Q

Define succession

A
  • The progressive change in a community of organisms over time
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2
Q

Define pioneer species

A
  • Species that begin the process of succession by colonising an area as the first living organism there
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3
Q

Define climax community

A
  • The final stable community that exists after succession has occurred
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4
Q

Define deflected succession

A
  • When succession is interfered with or stopped preventing a stable climax community
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5
Q

Define primary succession

A
  • Succession starting from a previously uninhabited environment
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6
Q

Define secondary succession

A
  • Succession restarting from a disrupted environment
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7
Q

State three factors that explain why secondary succession is easier/faster than primary succession

A
  • Left over seeds in soil
  • Left over organisms in soil
  • Left over bacteria in soil
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8
Q

State three reasons why deflective succession happens

A
  • human activity (agriculture/urbanisation/pollution)
  • abiotic factors (wave action/fires/shape of landscape)
  • biotic factors (trampling/animal eating)
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9
Q

State three changes simple organisms undergo before and after succession to become complex organisms

A
  • From autotrophs to auto & heterotrophs
  • From minimal nutrition requirements to complex nutrition requirements
  • From extremophiles to being sensitive to environmental change
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10
Q

State four changed to the community after succession

A
  • Increase in interdependence
  • Increase in productivity
  • Increase in biodiversity
  • Increase in abiotic/environmental favourability
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11
Q

Describe the term ecosystem

A
  • A community and the abiotic components of an environment
  • Range in size
  • Dynamic
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12
Q

State what biotic and abiotic factors influence in an ecosystem

A
  • the carrying capacity of a population
  • the distribution of populations
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13
Q

Describe five factors that are abiotic

A

1) Light (affects photosynthetic organisms)
2) Temperature (affects metabolic rates)
3) pH (affects enzymes)
4) Water availability (affects photosynthesis and temp fluctuations)
5) Topography of landscape (affects light exposure)
6) Oxygen concentration (affects respiration

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14
Q

Describe three factors that are biotic

A

1) Intra/Interspecific competition
2) Pathogenic disease
3) Predator-prey interactions

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15
Q

Define biotic

A
  • Living
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16
Q

Define abiotic

A
  • Non-living
17
Q

Describe the three types of dynamic changes in an ecosystem

A

1) Cyclic changes (seasonal temperature changes/predator-prey cycles)
2) Directional changes (erosion/sand deposit in lakes)
3) One-off changes (natural disasters)

18
Q

Define autotrophs

A
  • Organism that makes its own food
19
Q

Define heterotrophs

A
  • Organisms that eat other organisms for food
20
Q

State three reasons why there is not 100% efficiency of energy transfer in food chains

A
  • Respiration
  • Organism isn’t fully eaten
  • Not all of the organism is digested so is faeces
21
Q

State the efficiency formula for biomass transfer

A
22
Q

List the types of organisms and their relative energy content in a basic food chain

A

Producer (1000kJ)Primary consumer (100kJ)Secondary consumer (20kJ)Tertiary consumer (5kJ)

23
Q

State why the first energy transfer in a food chain is relatively lower than thesecond energy transfer

A
  • Its harder to digest plant tissue
  • Its easier to digest meat
24
Q

Define gross primary productivity (GPP)

A
  • The rate of conversion of light energy to chemical energy in producers during photosynthesis
25
Q

Define net primary productivity (NPP)

A
  • The rate of conversion of light energy to chemical energy in producers during photosynthesis, MINUS the chemical energy used in respiration
26
Q

Define gross secondary productivity (GSP)

A
  • The rate of chemical energy transfer to consumer from previous trophic level
27
Q

Define net secondary productivity (NSP)

A
  • The rate of chemical energy transfer to consumer from previous trophic level, MINUS the chemical energy used in respiration
28
Q

State what the net primary/secondary productivity tells us

A
  • This is the amount of energy actually stored as biomass
29
Q

State five ways increasing primary productivity

A

1) Artificial lighting
2) Glasshouse
3) Selective breeding
4) Genetic modification for higher yeilds/pest resistance
5) Fertilisers

30
Q

State six ways increasing secondary productivity

A

1) Restrict movement
2) Shelter from predators
3) Insulation
4) High nutrient diet
5) Selective breeding

31
Q

Draw the nitrogen cycle

A
32
Q

Define nitrogen fixation and which bacteria does this

A
  • Rhizobium bacteria and Azotobacter bacteria
33
Q

Define ammonification

A
34
Q

Define nitrification and which bacteria does this

A

1) Nitrosomonas bacteria
2) Nitrobacter bacteria

35
Q

Define denitrification and which bacteria does this

A
  • Denitrifying bacteria
36
Q

Draw the carbon cycle

A
37
Q

Describe the process of primary succession on bare rock

A

1) Arrival of seads/spores on bare rock as a pioneer community
2) Pioneer community have specific adaptations (e.g nitorgen fixation)
3) Intermediate community forms via moss/herbs species as there is
4)

38
Q

Describe the process of secondary succession on sand dunes

A
39
Q
A