2.3 NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards

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1
Q

General structure of a nucleotide

A
  • a pentose sugar
  • a nitrogenous base
  • a phosphate group
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2
Q

General structure of DNA nucleotide

A
  • a deoxyribose (pentose) sugar
  • a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine)
  • phosphate group
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3
Q

General structure of RNA nucleotide

A
  • a ribose (pentose) sugar
  • a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil)
  • phosphate group
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4
Q

State the ring structure of a purine and state the two purine bases.

A
  • 2 carbon rings
  • adenine and guanine
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5
Q

State the ring structure of a pyrimadine and state the three pyrimadine bases.

A
  • 1 carbon ring
  • cytosine, thymine or uracil
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6
Q

Describe the bonding between guanine and cytosine

A
  • weak TRIPLE hydrogen bond
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7
Q

Describe the bonding between adenine and thymine/uracil

A
  • weak DOUBLE hydrogen bond
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8
Q

How are polynucleotides formed from nucleotides?

A
  • condensation reaction (water removal)
  • forms phosphodiester bonds between phosphate group and hydroxl group of next pentose sugar
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9
Q

Describe the structure of DNA (3)

A
  • two antiparallel strands (5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’)
  • double helix held by weak hydrogen bonds via complementary base pairing
  • sugar phosphate backbone
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10
Q

Describe the structure of RNA (2)

A
  • single stranded
  • shorter
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11
Q

How is DNA precipitated and purified?

A

1) Crush sample to break down cell walls (plants only)
2) Add detergent to dissolve membranes
2) Add salt to break weak hydrogen bonds between DNA double helix
3) Add protease enzyme to break down proteins associated with the DNA (histone)
4) Filter to remove large debris
5) Add ice cold ethanol to precipitate out the DNA as white strands

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12
Q

Define “phosphorylated nucleotide”

A
  • Nucleotide with one or more phosphate groups added to it
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13
Q

Describe the structure of ADP

A
  • ribose (pentose) sugar
  • adenine nitrogenous base
  • 2 phosphate groups
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14
Q

Describe the structure of ATP

A
  • ribose (pentose) sugar
  • adenine nitrogenous base
  • 3 phosphate groups
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15
Q

Why is DNA replication “semi-conservative”?

A

Because the resultant two identicle DNA molecules each have one old strand and one new strand

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16
Q

State and explain the enzymes used in semi-conservative DNA replication.

A
  • DNA helicase (unzips DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases)
  • DNA polymerase (catalyses the addition of new nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction)
17
Q

State the steps of semi-conservative DNA replication.

A

1) DNA double helix unwinds
2) DNA helicase causes the two strands to unzip by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide bases to leave exposed bases
3) DNA polymerase catalyses the addition of new phosphorylated nucleotides using complementary base pairing in the 5’ to 3’ direction
4) the leading strand is synthesised continuously where is the lagging strand is synthesised in fragments
5) hydrolysis of the phosphorylated nucleotides supplies the enrgy required to form phosphodiester bonds between each new nucleotide

18
Q

What does “non-overlapping” mean for the genetic code?

A
  • Each base is only part of one triplet base/codon so each triplet base/codon is read separately
19
Q

What does “degenerate” mean for the genetic code?

A
  • the same amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet base
20
Q

What does “universal” mean for the genetic code?

A
  • the same triplet bases code for the same amino acids in all organisms
21
Q

State the three types of RNA

A
  • mRNA (messenger)
  • rRNA (ribosomal)
  • tRNA (transfer)
22
Q

Function of mRNA?

A
  • carriers the complementary genetic code of DNA from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis as DNA is too big
23
Q

Function of rRNA?

A
  • forms the two subunits of ribosomes and helps catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
24
Q

Function of tRNA?

A
  • consists of an amino acid binding site on one end and carries an anticodon on other end
  • carries the amino acid specific to the anticodon from cytoplasm to ribosome
25
Q

What is DNA transcription?

A
  • Process of transcribing a DNA strand into mRNA in the nucleus
26
Q

State and explain the enzymes used in DNA transcription.

A
  • DNA helicase (unzips two strands by breaks hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases)
  • RNA Polymerase (catalyses the formation of temporary hydrogen bonds between RNA nucleotides and their complementary DNA base)
27
Q

State the steps of DNA transcription

A

1) in the nucleus, a gene unwinds and unzips
2) DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases of the two strands
3) RNA polymerase catalyses the formation of temporary hydrogen bonds between RNA nucleotides and their complementary, unpaired DNA base
4) DNA strand is considered the template strand
5) the length of mRNA produced in known as the coding strand and leaves the nucleus through the nuclear envelope pore

28
Q

What is DNA translation?

A
  • Process of assembling amino acids into a particular sequence based on mRNA instructions
29
Q

State the steps of DNA translation

A

1) mRNA attaches to the ribosome
2) tRNA molecules bring over amino acids specific to the place their anticodon binds to on the mRNA strand with temporary hydrogen bonds
3) A start codon begins the sequence
4) As the ribosome moves along the length of mRNA and rRNA catalyses the formation of covalent peptide bobds when two amino acids are adjacent to each other
5) Once the stop codon is reached the polypeptide chain ends and begins its primary protein structure