2.3 NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards
General structure of a nucleotide
- a pentose sugar
- a nitrogenous base
- a phosphate group
General structure of DNA nucleotide
- a deoxyribose (pentose) sugar
- a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine)
- phosphate group
General structure of RNA nucleotide
- a ribose (pentose) sugar
- a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil)
- phosphate group
State the ring structure of a purine and state the two purine bases.
- 2 carbon rings
- adenine and guanine
State the ring structure of a pyrimadine and state the three pyrimadine bases.
- 1 carbon ring
- cytosine, thymine or uracil
Describe the bonding between guanine and cytosine
- weak TRIPLE hydrogen bond
Describe the bonding between adenine and thymine/uracil
- weak DOUBLE hydrogen bond
How are polynucleotides formed from nucleotides?
- condensation reaction (water removal)
- forms phosphodiester bonds between phosphate group and hydroxl group of next pentose sugar
Describe the structure of DNA (3)
- two antiparallel strands (5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’)
- double helix held by weak hydrogen bonds via complementary base pairing
- sugar phosphate backbone
Describe the structure of RNA (2)
- single stranded
- shorter
How is DNA precipitated and purified?
1) Crush sample to break down cell walls (plants only)
2) Add detergent to dissolve membranes
2) Add salt to break weak hydrogen bonds between DNA double helix
3) Add protease enzyme to break down proteins associated with the DNA (histone)
4) Filter to remove large debris
5) Add ice cold ethanol to precipitate out the DNA as white strands
Define “phosphorylated nucleotide”
- Nucleotide with one or more phosphate groups added to it
Describe the structure of ADP
- ribose (pentose) sugar
- adenine nitrogenous base
- 2 phosphate groups
Describe the structure of ATP
- ribose (pentose) sugar
- adenine nitrogenous base
- 3 phosphate groups
Why is DNA replication “semi-conservative”?
Because the resultant two identicle DNA molecules each have one old strand and one new strand