4.3 CLASSIFICATION/EVOLUTION Flashcards
Define binomial system
- A system that uses the genus name and species name to name organisms
State the mnemonic for the modern classification system
Dear
King
Phillip
Cried
Out
For
Goodness
Sake
State the eight taxonomic classification levels
1) Domain
2) Kingdom
3) Phylum
4) Class
5) Order
6) Family
7) Genus
8) Species
State four advantages of the classification system
1) For our convenience
2) Makes studying living things more manageable
3) Easier to identify organisms
4) Help us identify relationships between species
Describe the domain classification level
- There are three domains
1) Archaea
2) Eubacteria
3) Eukaryotae
Describe the kingdom classification level
- There are five kingdoms
1) (Eukaryotes - have a nucleus) plantae, animalia, fungi, protoctista
2) Prokaryotae (no nucleus/single celled)
Describe the phylum classification level
- A major subdivision, contains all the groups of organsisms that have the same body plan (e.g backbone)
Describe the class classification level
- A group of organisms that all posses the same general traits (e.g leg number)
Describe the order classification level
- a subdivision relate to further information about the organism (e.g carnivora or herbivora)
Describe the family classification level
- A group of closely related genra (e.g in carinivora there is cat family and dog family)
Describe the genus classification level
- A group of closely related species
Describe the species classification level
- Members capable of interbreeding, show some variation but are essentially the same
State the trend in relative ease of classification down the taxonomic levels
- Becomes more difficult
State the binomial system name of humans
Homo sapiens
State three disadvantages of the common name method
1) The same organism may have a different common name in different areas/countries
2) The same common name may be used for different organisms in different areas/countries
3) Translation of languages may give an incorrect/different name
State the biological definition and phylogenetic definition of species
Biological = a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Phylogenetic = a group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics
Describe the features of prokaryotae in detail
- No nucleus
- Contain a loop of naked DNA
- No membrane bound organelles
- Smaller ribosomes
- Cells are smaller than eukaryotes
- Can be free living or parasitic
Describe the features of protoctista in detail
- EUKARYOTES
- Most are single celled
- Have autotrphic or heterotrophic nutrition
- Mostly free living
- Show a very wide variety of forms
Describe the features of fungi in detail
- EUKARYOTES
- Chitin walls
- Mostly free living and saprophytic
- Has many nuclei in the cytoplasm
- Can exist as single cells or mycelium (with hyphae)
Describe the features of plantae in detail
- EUKARYOTES
- Are multicellular
- Have cellulose cell wall
- Are autotrophic
- Contain chlorophyll
Describe the features of animalia in detail
- EUKARYOTES
- Are multicellular
- Are heterotrophic
- Able to move around
Define convergent evolution
- When unrelated species look very similar because of the similar ways in which they have adapted to their environment
State which process causes slight differences in biological molecules between organisms
- Evolution
Explain how the extent of similarity/difference in versions of the same biological molecules can determine evolutionary relationships
- Two organisms with very different versions of the same molecules are less closely related because they have evolved separately for longer
- Two organisms with very similar versions of the same molecules are more closely related because they have not evolved separately for long
Describe the evidence that cytochrome c gives about evolutionary relationships
- If the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c is the same, the two species are closely related
- If the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c is the different, the two species are not closely related
- (the more differences the less closely related)
State and explain the type of organsism that cytochrome c is present in
- ALL organisms that respire because its the protein used in respiration