6.3 MANIPULATING GENOMES Flashcards
1
Q
Define genome
A
- The complete set of genes in a cell
2
Q
Define sequencing
A
- Identifying the locus and the order of DNA bases for particular genes
3
Q
Describe what genome sequencing gives information about
A
- The location of genes
- Evidence for evolutionary links between organisms
4
Q
Define locus
A
- The location of a gene on a region of chromosome
5
Q
State the three types of sequencing
A
1) Sanger sequencing
2) Automated sequencing
3) High throughput sequencing
6
Q
Compare the three types of sequencing
A
- Sanger sequencing is slow but high accuracy and requires manual reading of results
- Automated sequencing uses sanger techniques so slow but accurate however computer reads results
- High throughput allows for whole genome sequencing and is very fast but less accurate and computer reads results
7
Q
Explain why during sequencing:
-Copies of a gene are broken into random fragments
- Fragments are sequenced separately
- Sequences are put back together in correct order by matching overlapping fragments
A
- Because whole genes and genomes are too large to be sequenced in one fragment
8
Q
State three uses of genome sequencing
A
- Identify phylogenetic relationships
- Predict primary structure of proteins from genes by predicting the sequence of amino acids in polypeptides
- Create gene probes for disease screening in synthetic biology
9
Q
State what gene probes are
A
- Radioactive/fluorescent fragments of DNA that are complementary to known target sequences of DNA
- (Are easily identifiable)
10
Q
State what screening programmes do
A
- Search for specific disease alleles within genomes
11
Q
State where sequences genes are stored
A
- Gene banks
12
Q
Define bioinformatics
A
- the digital storage of large quantities of biological data
13
Q
State four features of bioinformatics
A
- Sequences for existing healthy or disease alleles are stored
- Allows for rapid comparison between newly discovered sequences and stored ones
- Existing protien primary structure stored
- Can model possible 3D shapes of new proteins coded for the the newly discovered alleles
14
Q
Define tandem repeats
A
- Repetitive segments of DNA that do not code for proteins
15
Q
Define DNA profiling
A
- Forensic technique that analyses the non-coding tandem repeat DNA to compare DNA samples