5.4 HORMONES Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hormone

A
  • Chemical signals released/transported in the bloodstream that act as messengers
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2
Q

State the *two** types of hormones

A
  • peptide/protein hormones
  • steriod (lipid) hormones
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3
Q

State the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A
  • Endocrine glands release their hormones (protein or steriod) into the bloodstream
  • Exocrine glands have a duct that carriers their hormones away
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4
Q

Define first messenger

A
  • A protein hormone that binds to a receptor on plasma cell surface membrane and activates the second messenger
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5
Q

Define second messenger

A
  • A signalling molecule which stimulates** a change in activity of a cell
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6
Q

State the first messenger in adrenaline release

A
  • Adrenaline
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7
Q

State the second messenger in adrenaline release

A
  • Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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8
Q

Describe the route of protein/peptide hormones

A
  • From adrenal medulla it attaches to complementary receptor of glycoprotein in plasma cell membrane of target cell
  • G protein attached to receptor becomes activated
  • Activated G protein now activates the enzyme adenyl cyclase
  • Activated adenyl cylases converts ATP to cAMP
  • cAMP acts directly on channel protein or initates a cascade of enzyme-controlled reactions
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9
Q

Describe the route of steriod (lipid) hormones

A
  • From adrenal cortex through plasma cell membrane of target cell
  • Steroid hormone binds with specific receptor in cytoplasm
  • Receptor-steroid compex forms, enters nucleus
  • Binds to promoter region of a gene which increases production of mRNA
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10
Q

State why protein hormones are unable to enter cells

A
  • Not lipid soluble
  • Polar
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11
Q

State why steriod hormones can enter cells

A
  • Lipid soluble
  • Nonpolar
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12
Q

Draw the two types of adrenal glands

A
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Adrenal medulla
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13
Q

State the type of hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla

A
  • Protein/peptide hormones
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14
Q

State the type of hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex

A
  • Steroid/lipid hormones
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15
Q

Draw the structure of the adrenal cortex

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
  • (GFR)
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16
Q

State the molecule adrenal cortex uses to create steroid hormones

A
  • Cholesterol
17
Q

Which hormone does zona glomerulosa release?

A
  • Mineralcorticoids
18
Q

Which hormone does zona fasciculata release?

A
  • Glucocorticoids
19
Q

Which hormone does zona reticularis release?

A
  • Precursor androgens
20
Q

State the role of the mineralcorticoids hormones

A
  • Maintains blood pressure by controlling concentrations of Na- and K+
21
Q

State the role of the glucocorticoids hormones

A
  • Regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the liver
22
Q

State the role of the precursor androgens hormones

A
  • Taken up by ovaries or testes to develop sexual characteristics
23
Q

Which part of the adrenal glands release adrenaline

A
  • Adrenal medulla
24
Q

Describe the structure of adrenaline

A
  • Amino acid derivative
  • Polar
  • Lipid insoluble
25
Q

State the effects of adrenaline release in fight or flight response

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased stroke rate
  • Increased blood pressure (via vasoconstriction)
  • Pupil dilation ( increases sensory information)
  • Relaxed smooth muscle in bronchioles (increases ventilation)
  • Mental alertness increased
  • Decreased digestion function
  • Glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose in liver) to increase blood glucose concentration (more energy)