6.3 - Psychological influences on the team Flashcards
what is social facilitation?
when performance is influenced positively by the presence of others
what is social inhibition?
when performance is influenced negatively by the presence of others
What types of others present did Zajonc suggest?
- Audience - just watches
- competitors - are in conflict with the performer
- social reinforcers - encourage or criticise performance
- Co-actors - are doing the sport alongside you
what can you say about the model that Zajonc suggested?
- the audience and co actors cause an increase in arousal but are passive as they aren’t involved
- competitors and social reinforcers have a direct impact (give encouragement or cause distractions)
- beginner is hindered but an elite performer motivated
What is the dominant response like in an expert performer?
- well learned
- accurate
- when under pressure: automatic, simple and correct
- leads to positive performance as facilitation occurs
What is the dominant response like in a novice performer?
- poorly learned
- inaccurate
- when under pressure: automatic, complex and incorrect
- leads to pressurised performances as inhibition occurs
what is evaluation apprehension?
the fear of being judged
- the negative influence of others if the performer feels they are being watched
what makes evaluation apprehension worse?
- if the audience is known to us
- if the audience is critical
- if there are scouts
- if we are lacking confidence
how do you prevent social inhibition?
- get players familiar with playing in front of a crowd
- gradually introduce evaluation
- improving focus and concentration
- lower arousal levels
- decrease the importance of an event
- peer support groups
define dominant response
the standout response that the performer thinks is correct
describe the process of getting to social facilitation/ inhibition from an audience.
audience –> increased arousal, drive, effort –> evaluation apprehension –> facilitation or inhibition
what are the features of a group?
- interaction between members
- a collective identity
- shared objectives/ a common goal
- communication
what does it mean for a team to have a collective identity?
- the team can be recognised easily
because they are wearing the same uniform/ colour - develops affiliation
creating motivation and belonging
what does it mean for a team to have good interaction?
- it is the way players work together to complete a task
- they could be loud/ quiet or playful/ serious
what does it mean for a team to have good communication?
- can be non verbal or verbal
e. g coded plays
what does it mean for a team to have a shared goal/ purpose?
- all have a common goal
- achieving it helps to bind people together so they commit to each other and work hard to achieve the goal
- raises motivation
what are the 2 types of cohesion?
- task cohesion -> results/outcome based
2. social cohesion -> working together –> interaction
what is Tuckman’s model?
- shows stages of group formation
1. forming
2. storming
3. norming
4. performing
what is stage 1: forming?
- figure out the goal
- get to know each other
- reliant on the coach to bring the group together
- strengths/ weaknesses
what is stage 2: storming?
- infighting and conflict as people establish their roles and positions
- confrontation with leaders
what is stage 3: norming?
- cooperation
- the conflicts are resolved and the team unifies
- cohesion of the team develops
- standards/ norms are accepted
- motivation and success rise
what is stage 4: performing?
- common goals -> success
- team supports each other
- motivation and enjoyment is high
- respect for members and leaders is high
what can you say about the time taken in each of the Tuckman’s model stages?
- time taken varies in each stage
- a more settled team will accept new players quickly
- representative teams take longer to settle
what factors can change the time taken to complete Tuckman’s model?
- size of group
- difficulty of task
- experience of the players
what is cohesion?
- the desire of group members to achieve their goals
- keeping the group integrated and focussed
- can lead to and come from success
what is coaction?
- success comes from people all pulling together
- everyone completes the same task at the same time but separately (e.g rowing team pulling together)
what is interaction?
success depends on everyone completing different roles but having to integrate them all together
- e.g most team sports (netball)
what are Carrons Antecendants?
- factors that may affect cohesion
1. Environment factors - group size, age, geography
2. Personal factors - group similarity, gender, aspirations
3. Team factors - stability, ability, desire for success
4. Leadership factors - leader style, leader-team relationship
what is task cohesion?
individuals working together to achieve an end result/ common goal
- allows members to make their own contribution
what is social cohesion?
individuals relating to each other to interact in the group
- allows support for each other + trust to develop
does a team need both task and social cohesion?
- success is possible when there is good task cohesion
- a team needs both
- social cohesion can form cliques
- task cohesion can override the problems of social cohesion
- team can still perform well without social cohesion
- task cohesion provides motivation
- success –> improve overall cohesion –> leads to further success
what is cohesion affected by?
- communication
- sharing common goals
- unequal rewards
- threats of the team
- size of group
- likelihood of future success
what causes a lack of cohesion?
- poor tactics
- lack of communication
- misunderstanding of roles
- bad timing
- poor strategies
- social loafing
what is Steiners model?
Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
what is actual productivity?
the performance of the team during the game, the result
what is potential productivity?
the groups best performance
- maximum capability when at optimal cohesiveness
what are faulty processes?
factors that go wrong and reduce cohesiveness
what are the causes of a lack of coordination?
- poor strategies
- poor tactics
- lack of communication
- bad timing
- lack of understanding roles
what is the ringelmann effect?
then group performance decreases with group size
what is social loafing?
individual loss of motivation in a team player due to a lack of performance identification when individual efforts are not recognised
- take easy option
- make limited contribution
what are the causes of social loafing?
- low confidence
- lack of fitness
- low ability
- injury
- negative attitude
- lack of reinforcement
- social inhibition
how do you avoid social loafing?
improve cohesion
- give specific roles
- develop friendships
- praising rewarding behaviour
- raising individuals confidence
- encouraging group identity
- continually emphasising the team goal
- punish social loafing
how do faulty processes affect group productivity?
- AP = PP - FP
- social loafing
- ringelmann effect
- cohesion
what are the benefits of setting goals?
- allows targets to be met
- builds confidence levels
- provides motivation
- become task persistent
- lowers arousal/anxiety
- reduces social loafing
- sustains effort
- increases commitment
what are outcome goals?
a goal set against the performance of others and based on a result
- standard of performance and process of performance is secondary to the result
- a team could perform poorly but still win and it be considered a success
- if this is achievable it maintains focus and motivation
what are performance goals?
focused on getting a better performance
- specific standard
- you can lose and still get success which maintains motivation
- can be broken down into smaller aspects of the skill
- you could improve your PB or accurately replicate a skill
what are process goals?
based on improving technique/ strategy
- improvement in a certain piece of technique should improve the overall skill
- a better arm movement on a pass or wrapped foot on a cross
what should goals include?
- both process and performance goals
- performers should focus on performance goals to maintain motivation
- a solely outcome based goal might damage motivation if the task is seen as unachievable
why are performance goals better?
- they reduce anxiety and provide consistent motivation
- outcome goals focus on gaining a prize and providing a basis for comparison –> causing more stress
- short term goals provide a means for reassurance
