3.1 Emergence of Globalization of sport in the 21st century pt 1

Question 1

what are the socio-cultural characteristics of a pre-industrial society?

Answer 1

• communications and transport were limited
• widespread illiteracy: lower class uneducated
• cruel/violent norm for lower class, upper class lived in comfort and luxury
• limited free time: lower class worked long hours
• class divisions clearly existed (based on the feudal system)
• people lived in rural areas

Question 2

what is the feudal system?

Answer 2

a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour

Question 3

what are popular recreations?

Answer 3

the sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain

Question 4

what are the characteristics of popular recreations?

Answer 4

• occasional (long hours of work)
• restricted to annual events (when their calendar allowed it)
• local and specific to each community (limited transport)
• used natural resources available to them (e.g open land for mob games)
• rules basic and simple (widespread illiteracy)
• aggressive and male-dominated (reflecting harsh society)
• lots of injuries and damage to property
• wagers placed by the upper class

Question 5

what is mob football?

Answer 5

popular recreation played in pre-industrial britain by the lower class
- reflected typical popular recreations at the time

Question 6

what are the characteristics of mob football?

Answer 6

• local (limited transport)
• rural in nature (everyone lived in the countryside)
• natural resources: made use of what was readily available in society
• was only played occasionally (long working hours)
• male dominated
• highly violent
• little rules (widespread illiteracy)

Question 7

why was mob football banned?

Answer 7

• too violent
• led to injury/ death
• damage of property
• it involved gambling/wagering
• linked to alcohol consumption/ drunken behaviour

Question 8

what is real tennis?

Answer 8

another popular recreation played in pre-industrial britain

- but did not reflect typical popular recreations at the time

Question 9

what are the characteristics of real tennis?

Answer 9

• exclusive activity
• played by upper class males of society
• complex rules (upper class = educated + highly literate)
• high moral code so lacked violence
• played in a civilised manner
• played on a regular basis (lots of leisure time)
• used expensive specialist equipment in purpose-built facilities
• non-local nature (could travel)
• skillful game: difficult technical demands (allowed them to show their ‘superiority’)

Question 10

what is foot racing?

Answer 10

form of competitive running in the 17th and 18th centuries involving feats of endurance
- as time progressed it turned into race walking

Question 11

how did foot racing work?

Answer 11

• footmen competed as messengers
• foot racers were allowed to compete against one another
• gentry wagered on them
• based on how many miles they could run in a specific time period
• success meant increased social status for a ‘gentleman’ (so upper class acted as patrons)

Question 12

how did the upper class act as patrons?

Answer 12

• set up races
• provided prizes (e.g money) for success
• looking after the welfare of the performer

Question 13

what is a patron?

Answer 13

member of the gentry who looked after a lower-class performer

Question 14

what are the characteristics of foot racing?

Answer 14

• rules were simple
• events were local
• set in rural location
• wagers placed on outcome of races

Question 15

what does this pre-industrial section show?

Answer 15

sport reflected the features of society at the time

Question 16

what are rational recreations?

Answer 16

in 19th century, they were sport pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled

Question 17

why was it changed from popular to rational?

Answer 17

• britain changed into an industrial-based society, sport changed to reflect this societal change
• rational = level of order, logic and structure

Question 18

who was Dr William Penny Brookes?

Answer 18

founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850

Question 19

why did Dr Brookes make the Olympian Games?

Answer 19

• set up to promote physical and intellectual improvements of physical activity nationally
• to campaign for physical education
• inspired by his work as a doctor/ surgeon

Question 20

What is the industrial revolution?

Answer 20

Occurred during mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century

• marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine based capitalist society
• controlled by powerful urban middle class

Question 21

What are the negative effect that industrial revolution had on the development of rational recreations in the first half of the nineteenth century?
HITFOR

Answer 21

• migration of the lower classes into urban areas (loss of space to play mob football + Overcrowding)
• lack of leisure Time (long 12-hour working days - 6 days a week + rest day)
• lack of Income (low wages)
• poor Health (poor working/living conditions —> pollution —> lack of hygiene —> little energy to play sport)
• loss of Rights (changes in criminal laws)
• lack of public provisions (no access to facilities or equipment for the lower class)

Question 22

What improvements were made in the second half of the nineteenth century?

Answer 22

• health and hygiene improved (aided by the provisions of public baths —> more willingness to participate in sport)
• gradual increase in wages
• more time for sport (gradual decrease in working hours)
• development of new middle class (changed how you play and behave in sports —> more respectable with high moral code)
• influence of ex-public school boys through the church
• values of athleticism spread to lower class
• industrial patronage
• improvement in transport and communications (influenced distances spectators and players could travel)
• cheaper to travel (more accessible to spectate and participate)

Question 23

What is industrial patronage?

Answer 23

Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce

Question 24

What is urbanisation?

Answer 24

Large numbers of people migrating from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories

Question 25

What are the key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport?

Answer 25

• lack of space
• large working class populations
• loss of traditional sports
• change in working conditions

Question 26

How did the development of railways contribute to the development of sport?

Answer 26

• movement of teams/spectators
• improved access to different parts of the country (regional —> national)
• cheaper train travel
• improved access to the countryside

Question 27

What are the socio and cultural influences on the development of rational recreation?

Answer 27

• industrial revolution
• urbanisation
• transport revolution
• communications
• influence of the church
• emergence of the middle class in a three-tier society

Question 28

How did communications help to develop sport and rational recreations?

Answer 28

people became more literate

• increased the knowledge and awareness of sport
• people could read match reports and relate to their favourite players

Question 29

How did the influence of the church help to develop sport and rational recreation?

Answer 29

Helped to promote sport and recreation (encouraged social control through ‘civilised’ activities

• diverting people away from drinking and gambling
• they provided halls
• way to promote Christian values
• they organised and set up teams with fixtures

Question 30

How did the emergence of the middle classes in a three-tier society help to develop sport and recreations?

Answer 30

• codification
• competitions
• public provisions
• increased leisure time
• move to ‘professionalism’

Question 31

What is codification?

Answer 31

Gradual organisation and defining of the rules

Question 32

What are philanthropists?

Answer 32

Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide for a better life among the working class

Question 33

How did England use the British empire to develop sport?

Answer 33

• sport installed moral values throughout people in the empire
• binding people together

Question 34

How did sport develop through the British empire?

Answer 34

• teachers (developed teams and taught people)
• factory owners
• clergy (developed church teams)
• officers in the army
• diplomats (travelled the world and took sport with them)
• NGB (codified sports and established leagues that spread internationally)