3.1 Emergence of Globalization of sport in the 21st century pt 1 Flashcards
what are the socio-cultural characteristics of a pre-industrial society?
- communications and transport were limited
- widespread illiteracy: lower class uneducated
- cruel/violent norm for lower class, upper class lived in comfort and luxury
- limited free time: lower class worked long hours
- class divisions clearly existed (based on the feudal system)
- people lived in rural areas
what is the feudal system?
a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour
what are popular recreations?
the sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain
what are the characteristics of popular recreations?
- occasional (long hours of work)
- restricted to annual events (when their calendar allowed it)
- local and specific to each community (limited transport)
- used natural resources available to them (e.g open land for mob games)
- rules basic and simple (widespread illiteracy)
- aggressive and male-dominated (reflecting harsh society)
- lots of injuries and damage to property
- wagers placed by the upper class
what is mob football?
popular recreation played in pre-industrial britain by the lower class
- reflected typical popular recreations at the time
what are the characteristics of mob football?
- local (limited transport)
- rural in nature (everyone lived in the countryside)
- natural resources: made use of what was readily available in society
- was only played occasionally (long working hours)
- male dominated
- highly violent
- little rules (widespread illiteracy)
why was mob football banned?
- too violent
- led to injury/ death
- damage of property
- it involved gambling/wagering
- linked to alcohol consumption/ drunken behaviour
what is real tennis?
another popular recreation played in pre-industrial britain
- but did not reflect typical popular recreations at the time
what are the characteristics of real tennis?
- exclusive activity
- played by upper class males of society
- complex rules (upper class = educated + highly literate)
- high moral code so lacked violence
- played in a civilised manner
- played on a regular basis (lots of leisure time)
- used expensive specialist equipment in purpose-built facilities
- non-local nature (could travel)
- skillful game: difficult technical demands (allowed them to show their ‘superiority’)
what is foot racing?
form of competitive running in the 17th and 18th centuries involving feats of endurance
- as time progressed it turned into race walking
how did foot racing work?
- footmen competed as messengers
- foot racers were allowed to compete against one another
- gentry wagered on them
- based on how many miles they could run in a specific time period
- success meant increased social status for a ‘gentleman’ (so upper class acted as patrons)
how did the upper class act as patrons?
- set up races
- provided prizes (e.g money) for success
- looking after the welfare of the performer
what is a patron?
member of the gentry who looked after a lower-class performer
what are the characteristics of foot racing?
- rules were simple
- events were local
- set in rural location
- wagers placed on outcome of races
what does this pre-industrial section show?
sport reflected the features of society at the time
what are rational recreations?
in 19th century, they were sport pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled
why was it changed from popular to rational?
- britain changed into an industrial-based society, sport changed to reflect this societal change
- rational = level of order, logic and structure
who was Dr William Penny Brookes?
founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850
why did Dr Brookes make the Olympian Games?
- set up to promote physical and intellectual improvements of physical activity nationally
- to campaign for physical education
- inspired by his work as a doctor/ surgeon
What is the industrial revolution?
Occurred during mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century
- marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine based capitalist society
- controlled by powerful urban middle class
What are the negative effect that industrial revolution had on the development of rational recreations in the first half of the nineteenth century?
HITFOR
- migration of the lower classes into urban areas (loss of space to play mob football + Overcrowding)
- lack of leisure Time (long 12-hour working days - 6 days a week + rest day)
- lack of Income (low wages)
- poor Health (poor working/living conditions —> pollution —> lack of hygiene —> little energy to play sport)
- loss of Rights (changes in criminal laws)
- lack of public provisions (no access to facilities or equipment for the lower class)
What improvements were made in the second half of the nineteenth century?
- health and hygiene improved (aided by the provisions of public baths —> more willingness to participate in sport)
- gradual increase in wages
- more time for sport (gradual decrease in working hours)
- development of new middle class (changed how you play and behave in sports —> more respectable with high moral code)
- influence of ex-public school boys through the church
- values of athleticism spread to lower class
- industrial patronage
- improvement in transport and communications (influenced distances spectators and players could travel)
- cheaper to travel (more accessible to spectate and participate)
What is industrial patronage?
Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce
What is urbanisation?
Large numbers of people migrating from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories
What are the key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport?
- lack of space
- large working class populations
- loss of traditional sports
- change in working conditions
How did the development of railways contribute to the development of sport?
- movement of teams/spectators
- improved access to different parts of the country (regional —> national)
- cheaper train travel
- improved access to the countryside
What are the socio and cultural influences on the development of rational recreation?
- industrial revolution
- urbanisation
- transport revolution
- communications
- influence of the church
- emergence of the middle class in a three-tier society
How did communications help to develop sport and rational recreations?
people became more literate
- increased the knowledge and awareness of sport
- people could read match reports and relate to their favourite players
How did the influence of the church help to develop sport and rational recreation?
Helped to promote sport and recreation (encouraged social control through ‘civilised’ activities
- diverting people away from drinking and gambling
- they provided halls
- way to promote Christian values
- they organised and set up teams with fixtures
How did the emergence of the middle classes in a three-tier society help to develop sport and recreations?
- codification
- competitions
- public provisions
- increased leisure time
- move to ‘professionalism’
What is codification?
Gradual organisation and defining of the rules
What are philanthropists?
Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide for a better life among the working class
How did England use the British empire to develop sport?
- sport installed moral values throughout people in the empire
- binding people together
How did sport develop through the British empire?
- teachers (developed teams and taught people)
- factory owners
- clergy (developed church teams)
- officers in the army
- diplomats (travelled the world and took sport with them)
- NGB (codified sports and established leagues that spread internationally)
