1.2 - The respiratory system

Question 1

describe the passage of air.

Answer 1

1. nose
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. bronchi
6. bronchioles
7. alveoli

Question 2

what is the pressure like in the chest cavity during inspiration?

Answer 2

• low pressure

Question 3

what is the pressure like in the chest cavity during expiration?

Answer 3

• high pressure

Question 4

what happens to carbon dioxide during gaseous exchange?

Answer 4

• diffuses from capillaries to alveolus
• high concentration in blood
• low concentration in alveolus

Question 5

what happens to oxygen during gaseous exchange?

Answer 5

• diffuses from alveolus to capillaries
• high concentration in alveolus
• low concentration in blood

Question 6

what is the function of haemoglobin?

Answer 6

• to combine with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

- delivers it to the working muscles

Question 7

what is the equation for minute ventilation?

Answer 7

minute of ventilation = breaths per minute X tidal volume

Question 8

define tidal volume

Answer 8

the volume of air breathed in/out per breath

Question 9

what happens to tidal volume during exercise?

Answer 9

increases

Question 10

define inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 10

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

Question 11

what happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise?

Answer 11

decreases

Question 12

define expiratory reserve volume

Answer 12

volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

Question 13

what happens to expiratory reserve volume during exercise?

Answer 13

decreases

Question 14

define residual volume

Answer 14

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

Question 15

what happens to residual volume during exercise?

Answer 15

stays the same

Question 16

define minute ventilation

Answer 16

volume of air breathed in/out per minute

Question 17

what happens to minute ventilation during exercise?

Answer 17

big increase

Question 18

what happens to breathing during a more demanding physical activity?

Answer 18

increases to meet the extra oxygen demand

Question 19

what is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 19

to get oxygen to the working muscles and clear the body of carbon dioxide and lactic acid

Question 20

what are the two aims of gaseous exchange?

Answer 20

• getting oxygen in the air into the lungs so that it can diffuse into the blood and be transported to the cells of the body
• the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood

Question 21

define cilia

Answer 21

cilia are microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles

Question 22

what is COPD

Answer 22

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease

- it is a chronic and debilitating disease used to name a collection of diseases (e.g emphysema)

Question 23

what is the impact of smoking on the respiratory system?

Answer 23

• decreases lung function

- increases breathlessness

Question 24

what does smoking do to your lungs?

Answer 24

• damage to the cilia; causing mucus to build up (gives you ‘smokers cough’)
• irritates and damages (swells and narrows) the lining of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
• alveoli walls damaged; reduces efficiency of gaseous exchange

Question 25

what makes up the neural control system?

Answer 25

- brain | - nervous system

Question 26

what is the chemical control system?

Answer 26

- concerned with blood acidity

Question 27

what do the neural and chemical control systems do?

Answer 27

- regulate pulmonary ventilation (aka breathing)

Question 28

how does the nervous system control pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 28

- through parasympathetic system | - and sympathetic system

Question 29

what does the respiratory centre do?

Answer 29

- controls the rate and depth of breathing | - uses neural and chemical control

Question 30

where is the respiratory centre located?

Answer 30

- in the medulla oblongata

Question 31

what does the respiratory centre do if there is an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood?

Answer 31

- it is stimulated to increase respiratory rate

Question 32

what is the inspiratory centre?

Answer 32

- part of the respiratory centre - responsible for inspiration and expiration - it sends a nerve impulse via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) - causing them to contract

Question 33

after the inspiratory centre has sent out a nerve impulse what happens?

Answer 33

- passive expiration occurs | - due to elastic recoil of the lungs

Question 34

how does the inspiratory centre help during exercise?

Answer 34

- chemoreceptors detect increase in blood acidity (more CO2 and lactic acid) - send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation - respiratory centre sends nerve impulses down the phrenic nerve - stimulates MORE inspiratory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor) - as a result, breathing rate, depth and rhythm increase

Question 35

what is the other part of the respiratory centre?

Answer 35

- expiratory centre

Question 36

how do proprioceptors help the neural control of breathing?

Answer 36

- located in joints and muscle - provide feedback to the respiratory centre - to increase breathing during exercise

Question 37

how do baroreceptors help the neural control of breathing?

Answer 37

- detects decrease in blood pressure - to increase breathing rate - (located in aorta and carotid artery)

Question 38

what do stretch receptors do?

Answer 38

- prevent over-inflation of the lungs - sends impulses to the expiratory centre , down the intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles - so that expiration occurs

Question 39

what is adrenaline?

Answer 39

a natural stimulant made in the adrenal gland of the kidney, transported in the blood, affecting the nervous system

Question 40

what is the hormonal regulation of pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 40

- release of adrenaline just before and during exercise - brain sends an impulse to the adrenal gland - so more adrenaline is pumped into the blood - ready for the oxygen demand and need for carbon dioxide exchange - therefore, breathing rate increases

Question 41

Muscles used during inspiration at rest:

Answer 41

diaphragm | external intercostals

Question 42

Muscles used during expiration at rest:

Answer 42

passive: | relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 43

Muscles used during inspiration during exercise:

Answer 43

``` diaphragm external intercostals sternocleidomastoid scalenes pectoralis minor ```

Question 44

Muscles used during expiration during exercise:

Answer 44

internal intercostals | abdominals