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PE - Year 1 > 1.2 - The respiratory system > Flashcards

1.2 - The respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

describe the passage of air.

A
  1. nose
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. bronchi
  6. bronchioles
  7. alveoli
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2
Q

what is the pressure like in the chest cavity during inspiration?

A
  • low pressure
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3
Q

what is the pressure like in the chest cavity during expiration?

A
  • high pressure
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4
Q

what happens to carbon dioxide during gaseous exchange?

A
  • diffuses from capillaries to alveolus
  • high concentration in blood
  • low concentration in alveolus
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5
Q

what happens to oxygen during gaseous exchange?

A
  • diffuses from alveolus to capillaries
  • high concentration in alveolus
  • low concentration in blood
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6
Q

what is the function of haemoglobin?

A
  • to combine with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

- delivers it to the working muscles

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7
Q

what is the equation for minute ventilation?

A

minute of ventilation = breaths per minute X tidal volume

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8
Q

define tidal volume

A

the volume of air breathed in/out per breath

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9
Q

what happens to tidal volume during exercise?

A

increases

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10
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

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11
Q

what happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise?

A

decreases

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12
Q

define expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

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13
Q

what happens to expiratory reserve volume during exercise?

A

decreases

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14
Q

define residual volume

A

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

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15
Q

what happens to residual volume during exercise?

A

stays the same

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16
Q

define minute ventilation

A

volume of air breathed in/out per minute

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17
Q

what happens to minute ventilation during exercise?

A

big increase

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18
Q

what happens to breathing during a more demanding physical activity?

A

increases to meet the extra oxygen demand

19
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

to get oxygen to the working muscles and clear the body of carbon dioxide and lactic acid

20
Q

what are the two aims of gaseous exchange?

A
  • getting oxygen in the air into the lungs so that it can diffuse into the blood and be transported to the cells of the body
  • the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood
21
Q

define cilia

A

cilia are microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles

22
Q

what is COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease

- it is a chronic and debilitating disease used to name a collection of diseases (e.g emphysema)

23
Q

what is the impact of smoking on the respiratory system?

A
  • decreases lung function

- increases breathlessness

24
Q

what does smoking do to your lungs?

A
  • damage to the cilia; causing mucus to build up (gives you ‘smokers cough’)
  • irritates and damages (swells and narrows) the lining of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
  • alveoli walls damaged; reduces efficiency of gaseous exchange
25
Q

what makes up the neural control system?

A
  • brain

- nervous system

26
Q

what is the chemical control system?

A
  • concerned with blood acidity
27
Q

what do the neural and chemical control systems do?

A
  • regulate pulmonary ventilation (aka breathing)
28
Q

how does the nervous system control pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • through parasympathetic system

- and sympathetic system

29
Q

what does the respiratory centre do?

A
  • controls the rate and depth of breathing

- uses neural and chemical control

30
Q

where is the respiratory centre located?

A
  • in the medulla oblongata
31
Q

what does the respiratory centre do if there is an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood?

A
  • it is stimulated to increase respiratory rate
32
Q

what is the inspiratory centre?

A
  • part of the respiratory centre
  • responsible for inspiration and expiration
  • it sends a nerve impulse via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles)
  • causing them to contract
33
Q

after the inspiratory centre has sent out a nerve impulse what happens?

A
  • passive expiration occurs

- due to elastic recoil of the lungs

34
Q

how does the inspiratory centre help during exercise?

A
  • chemoreceptors detect increase in blood acidity (more CO2 and lactic acid)
  • send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation
  • respiratory centre sends nerve impulses down the phrenic nerve
  • stimulates MORE inspiratory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor)
  • as a result, breathing rate, depth and rhythm increase
35
Q

what is the other part of the respiratory centre?

A
  • expiratory centre
36
Q

how do proprioceptors help the neural control of breathing?

A
  • located in joints and muscle
  • provide feedback to the respiratory centre
  • to increase breathing during exercise
37
Q

how do baroreceptors help the neural control of breathing?

A
  • detects decrease in blood pressure
  • to increase breathing rate
  • (located in aorta and carotid artery)
38
Q

what do stretch receptors do?

A
  • prevent over-inflation of the lungs
  • sends impulses to the expiratory centre , down the intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles
  • so that expiration occurs
39
Q

what is adrenaline?

A

a natural stimulant made in the adrenal gland of the kidney, transported in the blood, affecting the nervous system

40
Q

what is the hormonal regulation of pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • release of adrenaline just before and during exercise
  • brain sends an impulse to the adrenal gland
  • so more adrenaline is pumped into the blood
  • ready for the oxygen demand and need for carbon dioxide exchange
  • therefore, breathing rate increases
41
Q

Muscles used during inspiration at rest:

A

diaphragm

external intercostals

42
Q

Muscles used during expiration at rest:

A

passive:

relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

43
Q

Muscles used during inspiration during exercise:

A 
diaphragm 
external intercostals 
sternocleidomastoid 
scalenes 
pectoralis minor
44
Q

Muscles used during expiration during exercise:

A

internal intercostals

abdominals

PE - Year 1 (16 decks)

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