2.1 - Skill characteristics and their impact on transfer and practice Flashcards
define skill
a learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both
what are the characteristics of skills that make a good performance?
Learned
Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
Fluent
Accurate
Controlled
Economical
why should we classify skills?
- it is important when teaching new/novel skills
- coaches need to be able to create sessions which are relevant to the learner/ player
- skill is learned in a closed environment and then gradually becomes more opened as they become more skilled
Name each continuum and its key word.
Fine —- Gross (muscular involvement)
Open —- Closed (environmental influence/stimuli)
Discrete —– continuous (continuity)
Self paced —– externally paced (external/internal stimulus)
simple —- complex (complexity - how many decisions?)
define a closed skill
include an example
skill performed in a predictable environment
e.g javelin
define an open skill
include an example
skill performed in an unpredictable environment
e.g rugby tackle
define a gross skill
include an example
skill that uses large muscle groups
e.g rugby tackle
define a fine skill
include an example
skill that uses smaller muscle groups
e.g darts
define a self-paced skill
include an example
when the performer controls the start and the speed of the skill
e.g high jump
define a externally-paced skill
include an example
when the performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill
e.g returning a tennis serve
define a discrete skill
include an example
a skill with a clear beginning and end
e.g free throw
define a continuous skill
include an example
a discrete skill in a repetitive movement
e.g cycling
what is a serial skill?
include an example
skill with several discrete skills in order to make more integrated movement
e.g triple jump
define a simple skill
include an example
a skill that requires few decisions when being performed
e.g football pass
define a complex skill
include an example
a skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed
e.g rugby tackle
define a high-organised skill
include an example
skills that are not easily broken into parts
e.g football volley (or golf swing)
define a low-organised skill
include an example
skills that are easily broken into parts
e.g swimming stroke
define transfer of learning
the effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another
what are the four types of transfer of learning
- positive
- negative
- zero
- bilateral
define positive transfer of learning
include an example
when the learning of one skill helps another
e. g basketball pass and netball pass
- have similar shape/form
define negative transfer of learning
include an example
when the learning of a skill hinders the learning of another
e. g rugby conversion and a football penalty
- familiarity with how the skills are performed
define zero transfer of learning
include an example
when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
e. g swimming arm action and the foot placement in rock climbing
- skills have no similarities (no aspect of confusion)
define bilateral transfer of learning
include an example
when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
e.g encouraging a right-footed player to play with their left foot / learning with their left in training
how does a coach maximise a positive transfer of skills?
- highlight the similarities
- using similar muscles, actions - make sure the skill is well learned and autonomous
- plan progressions
- make sure the practice situations are realistic
- confident and motivated players
what should a coach do if there is a negative transfer of skills?
- highlight the differences and eliminate bad habits
- identify elements that might hinder transfer
- misunderstanding movement (e.g rounders hit needs hand eye coordination)
what are the 3 methods of presenting practice?
- whole practice
- whole - part - whole practice
- progressive part practice
what is whole practice?
include an example
practising the skill in its entirety
e.g: golf swing or cycling
what is whole - part - whole practice?
include an example
assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practice, then putting the skill back together
e.g: volleyball spike
what is progressive part practice ?
include an example
practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually
(sometimes called chaining)
e.g: triple jump or swimming strokes
when do you use whole practice?
when a skill is: fast closed self paced simple highly organised
what are the advantages of whole practice?
- helps to create specific images that can be stored in the LTM
- more realistic
- helps make the skill consistent
- not time consuming
what are the disadvantages of whole practice?
- may place unnecessary demands on the performer
- they may not be able to cope with all aspects of the skill at once
- possibility of fatigue
- not for beginners
when do you use whole - part - whole practice?
when the skill is:
complex
hard to break down
requires concentration for the whole skill
what are the advantages of whole - part - whole practice?
- provides motivation when success is achieved
- provides immediate feedback
- maintains the feel, fluency and integration of the routines
what are the disadvantages of whole - part - whole practice?
- can produce negative transfer
- more time consuming
- can’t be used with highly organised skills
when do you use progressive part practice?
when the skill is:
- complex
- low organisation
what are the advantages of progressive part practice?
- allows you to focus on one aspect of the task
- reduce in fatigue
- may improve confidence
what are the disadvantages of progressive part practice?
- time-consuming
- neglect feel of the whole task
- danger of negative transfer
what are the four types of practice?
- massed practice
- distributed practice
- varied practice
- mental practice
what is massed practice and when do you use it?
- continuous with no rest intervals between practiced
e. g: basketballer practicing a free throw
use when skill is:
- discrete
- simple
- closed
what are the advantages of massed practice?
- promotes fitness
- fixed responses become habitual
- motor programmes: images stored in memory can be recalled easier
- efficient use of coach and player time
what are the disadvantages of massed practice?
- no time for feedback
- fatigue
- can be too demanding
what s distributed practice and when would you use it?
- e. g: swimmer practicing stroke technique in training
use when skill is:
- continuous (performer needs a break)
- open
- complex
- externally paced
what are the advantages of distributed practice?
- allows recovery
- less mental pressure
- allows mental rehearsal / feedback
- reduces danger
what are the disadvantages of distributed practice?
- time consuming
- possibility of negative transfer
what is mental practice and when would you use it?
- can be internal (emotions) or external (mental picture of environment)
e. g: a performer going over the routine before a trampoline competition
use when skill is:
- serial
- complex
- novice and expert
what are the advantages of mental practice?
- improves reaction time
- builds motor programmes
- builds confidence
- controls anxiety
what are the disadvantages of mental practice?
- it must be correct
- environment must be calm
what is varied practice and when would you use it?
- e. g: players practising a football pass
use when skill is:
- complex
- open
- externally paced
what are the advantages of varied practice?
- builds a schema
- gives motivation
- allows adaptation
