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5.1-9.3 > 6.2 LL Bones & Joints > Flashcards

6.2 LL Bones & Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the rotation of UL and LL

A

UL rotate 90 degrees externally- Anterior Flexor Posterior extensor

LL internally-Flexor posterior, extensor anterior

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2
Q

What structures make up the pelvic girdle?

A

hip bone + sacrum + coccyx

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3
Q

Describe the gender differences in the pelvis

A

Females-wider and shorter, delivery of baby

Males-narrow and higher/taller

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4
Q

What is the hip bone composed of?

Name the muscles attached those structures

A 
llium-gluteal muscles 
Pubis- adductor muscles
Ischium-hamstring muscles 
acetabulum-socket of the hip bone 
round and deep-> stabilises hip joint
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5
Q

Describe the features of the femur

A

Trochanters- (tuberosities)
greater and lesser for muscle attachment

The femur
• Long bone – shaft, 2 ends
• Head
• Neck- greater, lesser 
• Condyles (medial, lateral)
• Patella
sesamoid bone, leverage for knee extensors
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6
Q

Composition of bone of the femur

A

Bony trabecula
Arcuate bundle: resist pulling of muscles attached to greater trochanter
Site of weakness: less bone density, easily fractured

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7
Q

Features of the Tibia

A

Tibia thicker

  • weightbearing
  • tibial plateau – for knee joint
  • Shaft (surface subcutaneous) (shin)
  • medial malleolus: bump ankle
  • trochlear notch for ankle joint
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8
Q

Features of the Fibula

A

Fibula

  • non-weightbearing
  • shaft (for many muscle attachments)
  • lateral malleolus
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9
Q

Features of the foot

Name the bones

A 
Tarsal bones
-Talus: ankle joint, no muscle attachment 
- Calcaneus: heel bone  
 (+ 5 more)
\+ sesamoid bones

Metatarsals

Phalanges

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10
Q

Line of gravity in relation to joints of lower limb:

A

Line of gravity in relation to joints of lower limb:
…resisted by…
passes behind hip joint-anterior capsule
slightly in front of knee- posterior capsule
long way in front of ankle-calf muscles, especially soleus

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11
Q

Describe the joints of pelvis girdle

3

A

sacroiliac joint

  • synovial plane joint, very stable
  • strong interosseous ligament

sacrococcygeal joint, not seen
- cartilaginous joint

pubic symphysis, midline, little movement
- cartilaginous joint

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12
Q

Describe the stability of the hip joint and the extent of movement

A

Ball and socket joint

  • very stable
  • deepened by labrum
  • movement in 3 planes
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13
Q

Describe the hip joint capsule and name the 3 ligaments associated

l i p

A

Hip joint capsule

  • reinforced by strong ligaments
  • in front: iliofemoral ligament- strongest ligament
  • Pubofermoral ligament
  • Iliopubic ligament
  • spirals and tightens with hip
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14
Q

Describe the knee joint

what type of joint?

A

2 synovial joints within one capsule
femur with tibia (tibiofemoral)
femur with patella (patellofemoral)- vulnerable to dislocation

The knee joint:
-hinge joint (but some rotation occurs)
-incongruous articular surfaces   
-good ligamentous support
-relatively large ROM
-stable in extension
lateral condyle higher than medial condyle 
aids in preventing dislocation
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15
Q

Knee joint menisci

A 
lateral meniscus- more rounded 
medial meniscus-more circular 
fibrocartilage disc-shock absorber, helps spread synovial fluid  
increase area of contact by ~1⁄3
semilunar shape
wedge-shaped
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16
Q

Cruciate ligaments

ACL
PCL
what is the function?

A

Support in sagittal plane
(twist)
ACL keeps the tibia from slipping forward
PCL keeps the tibia from slipping backward

17
Q

Knee joint collateral ligaments

Describe Medial CL

A 
Support in the coronal plane
MCL medial collateral ligament 
stabilises meniscus 
adherent to joint capsule and attach medial meniscus 
resist ‘valgus’ ABB stress, moving in
18
Q

Knee joint

LCL lateral collateral ligament

A

rounded, more narrow

  • attaches to the head of fibula
  • separated from joint capsule
  • resist ‘varus’ ADB stress, moving out
19
Q

Bursae

A

synovial fluid stacks
continuous with knee joint
swelling

20
Q

what is the “unhappy triad”

A

Injury to all 3 structures

ACL, MCL & medial meniscus

21
Q

describe the tibiofibular joints
superior
inferior

A

Superior:

  • plane synovial joint
  • allows some gliding movement - has ligament support
inferior:
- fibrous joint (syndesmosis)
extremely stable 
- prevents tibia & fibula from separating 
- has ligament support
22
Q

Ankle joint
Talocrural joint
what type of joint?

terms for flexion and extension

A

hinge type synovial joint
the malleolar mortise-tightly fitted joint between talus, tibia and fibular
supported by strong ligaments
medial > lateral

plantar flexion-flexion
dorsi flexion- extension

23
Q

joints of the foot

Subtalar joint

A

bt talus and calcaneus

5.1-9.3 (18 decks)

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