5.2 Bones & Joints

Question 1

Tuberosities/Tubercle

Answer 1

greater and lesser Tuberosities

for muscle attachment

Question 2

Epicondyles

Answer 2

rough and small
medial and lateral
for muscle attachment

Question 3

Condyles / articular surfaces

Answer 3

trochlea-rough and small, medial

capitulum-more smooth, large & round, lateral

Question 4

Neck

Answer 4

anatomical and surgical

Question 5

Ulna
Articular surfaces-notches

Tuberosities

Answer 5

Articular surfaces: elbow region
trochlea notch
radial notch

Tuberosities:
olecranon process-elbow area
coronoid process-elbow area below coronoid
styloid process-bottom, lateral..

Question 6

Radius

Answer 6

Articular surfaces
head and fovea-inner
ulnar notch-near styloid process-towards wrist
carpal articulation

radial tuberosity-near head of radius-towards elbow
styloid process-towards wrist

Question 7

The shoulder
Glenohumeral joint

Describe the 4 muscles
Supported by which ligament?

Answer 7

Synovial ball and socket joint-very unstable
deepened by glenoid labrum, increases S articulation ~30%

stability of glenohumeral joint
attach to humerus, blend with capsule, compress humeral head into glenoid

Supported by

• coracoacromial ligament
• long head of biceps
• Rotator cuff muscles pull humerus towards sacpula
• pull humeral head towards glenoid and compress it

Subscapularis: internal rotator of the shoulder
Supraspinatus: assist initiation of abduction
Teres Minor: external rotation of the shoulder joint
Infraspinatus: often injured rotator cuff muscle

Question 8

Elbow joint

what type of joint?

Answer 8

• Hinge type synovial joint

• compound joint-3 joints
2 distinct joints residing in the same joint capsule
• Strong collateral ligaments reinforce capsule

Question 9

The Proximal Radioulnar joint

what type of joint?
Describe attachment, what is it between?
what is the head of the radius encircled by?
what movements does articulate?

Answer 9

• pivot type synovial joint

• between head of radius and radial notch of ulna
• head of radius encircled by anular ligament

Movements
• supination: palms upwards
• pronation: fingernails facing forward

Question 10

The Distal Radioulnar Joint

Describe attachment

What is the distal radioulnar joint and proximal radioulnar joint joined by?

Answer 10

• Pivot type synovial joint
• between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch on the distal radius

PRJ DRJ linked together by interosseous membrane

Question 11

The wrist joint

What type of joint?
What is present on the ulnar side?

Answer 11

• the radiocarpal joint

• a condyloid type synovial joint

• between the distal radius and carpal bones
• an articular disc is present on the ulnar side

Question 12

Joints of the hand
How many bones?
What types of joints?

Answer 12

• 8 carpal bones + 5 metacarpal bones 

• the intercarpal joints
between the bones of each row 

• the midcarpal joint
between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones 


Question 13

Carpometacarpal joints 
CMC

Describe the type of joints 1-5

Answer 13

five joints in the wrist that articulate the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the five metacarpal bones

• I: saddle type synovial joint
thumb, grasping, larger range

• II-V: plane type synovial joint

Question 14

Clavicle 
sternal end (medial) 
acromial end (distal)

Answer 14

• long bone
• supports UL
• muscle and ligament attachments

medial/sternal end-narrower, closer to spinal cord
distal/acromial- broader/flatter, shoulder

Question 15

joints of the clavicle
Sternoclavicular joint

what type of joint, capsule, ligament, disk?

Answer 15

saddle type synovial joint
inter-articular disk
very strong capsule
costoclavicular ligament

Question 16

joints of the clavicle
Acromioclavicular AC joint

what type of joint, capsule, ligament?

Answer 16

plane synovial joint
weak capsule
coracoclavicular ligament

Question 17

Describe 3 features of stable joints

Answer 17

congruent and often deep articular surfaces

tight capsule with strong ligaments

Question 18

Describe mobile joints

Answer 18

ball and socket joints most mobile
stability often dependent on (fixator) muscles
susceptible to subluxation or dislocation

Question 19

Shoulder glenohumeral joint dislocation

what type of injury is most common?
How is force applied?

Answer 19

Anterior (most common)
 force applied to abducted & externally rotated arm
•Posterior (less common)
 falling forward onto outstretched arm
•Humerus drops inferiorly
•Risk of nerve injury
dislocation anterior then inferior

Question 20

Scapulo-thoracic joint

Answer 20

not a true joint, physiological joint
(true anatomical joints have bone in opposition hyaline cartilage capsules etc)
Movement of scapula as it occurs on
the thoracic wall
• movement of the scapula across the thoracic cage

• 
‘Scapulo-humeral rhythm’ preserves length-tension relationships
• increases range of movement prevents muscular impingement

Question 21

What types of joints are metacarpophalangeal joints and what articulation of movement does it have?

What type of joints are interphalangeal
joints?
articulation of movement

Answer 21

Joints of the fingers

Metacarpophalangeal joints
I : hinge joint condyloid (flex/ext)

II-V: condyloid (flex/ext & abd/add)

Interphalangeal joints 
hinge joints (flex/ext)