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Biology > 6.2 Cloning > Flashcards

6.2 Cloning Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the advantages of Natural Clones?

A
  • No need for outward fertilisation
  • Less susceptible if lack of population
  • Quicker
  • Can be successful in favourable habitat
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2
Q

What are the disadvantages of natural clones?

A
  • More likely to die of one disease
  • More likely for genetic diseases to affect due to small gene pool
  • No genetic diversity
  • Susceptible to environmental changes
  • No natural selection therefore changes adaptations
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3
Q

What is a meristem?

A

Plant cells with the ability to divide and differentiate into a range of cell types

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4
Q

What are the steps of plant cuttings?

A
  • A small length of stem is cut from main plant
  • Base of cutting is dipped in rooting powder which contains auxin
  • Once new roots have started to grow cutting can be planted into soil
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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of the plant cutting method?

A
  • Risk of pathogen/infection
  • Loss of water dryingout before roots grow
  • Pathogens may be in sample plant
  • Damage may be done to original plant
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6
Q

What are the steps of micropropagation?

A
  1. Explants (tissue from parent plants) are sterilised
  2. Tissue samples placed in agar containing nutrients and auxins
  3. Stimulates shoot and root growth and develops plantlets
  4. Plantlets planted into compost
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7
Q

What are the advantages of micropropagation?

A
  • Fast way of getting new plants
  • Can propagate a genetically engineered plant
  • Can retain genetics of a unique species Z
  • Can be done for plants hard to grow from seed
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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of micropropagation?

A
  • Facilities are expensive
  • No genetic variation
  • Seedless plants
  • Labour intensive
  • If plant tissue has virus all plant tissues have virus
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9
Q

What is the meaning of totipotent?

A
  • Can turn into any cell to make an organism
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10
Q

What is the process of embryo splitting?

A
  1. Embryo forms by sexual reproduction
  2. Embryo splits into single cells
  3. Cells divide by mitosis to form embryos
  4. Embryos implanted into surrogate cows
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11
Q

What are the benefits of embryo splitting?

A
  • All share the same DNA
  • Farmer could create a set/heard of elite farm animals by selective breeding
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12
Q

What is the process Somatic Cell,Nuclear Transfer?

A
  1. Enucleated egg cell is joined with a mammary cell from udder and combined using electric shock
  2. Combined cell now has a single nucleus
  3. Blastocyst formed by combined cells through mitosis
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13
Q

What is neuropathic cloning?

A

Clone organisms

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14
Q

What are the benefits of neuropathic cloning?

A
  • No rejection issues
  • Could grow new organisms
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15
Q

How is neuropathic cloning conducted?

A
  1. Adult cell from parent is combined with denucleated human ovum using mild electric shock
  2. New pre-embryo cell containing patient DNA begins to develop
  3. Stem cells then removed from embryo and cultured to grow
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16
Q

What are the uses of cloning?

A

Animal models of disease- learn about disease
Therapeutic cloning- Repairing damaged or diseased tissue
Reviving extinct species using closely related species
Saving endangered species- Surviving individuals can donate healthy cells
Reproducing a pet
Drug production

17
Q

Points for cloning?

A
  • High yield from animals
  • Embryos can be replicated
  • Clone specific animals
  • Rare,endangered or extinct species can be saved
18
Q

Points against cloning?

A
  • Often unsuccessful
  • Inefficient process
  • Malformation
  • Shortens life span
19
Q

Why is it difficult to clone primates?

A
  • Spindle proteins are too close to the nucleus so damages occur
  • Mothers have complicated menstrual cycle
20
Q

What is bioremediation?

A
  • Using microorganisms to break down pollutants in soil or water
21
Q

How can natural organisms be used in bioremediation?

A
  • Can break down plastics,hydrocarbon and oils slowly
  • Can be made more efficient by providing more sources for growth
22
Q

How can GM organisms be used in bioremediation?

A
  • Could potentially breakdown harmful chemicals and heavy metals
23
Q

How can plants be used in bioremediation?

A
  • PLants can be adapted to concentrate high concentrations of an element without toxicity
  • Can take up metals from the soil
24
Q

What are the features of batch culture?

A
  • Inoculated into fixed volume of medium
  • Nutrients are used up
  • Waste builds up
  • Process is stopped before the death phase
  • Products need to be processed
25
Q

What are the features of the continuous culture?

A
  • Sterile nutrient medium is added continually until it reaches exponential
  • Culture broth is continually removed and continually added
  • Waste is removed to keep culture volume constant
  • No stationary phase
  • Needs processing
26
Q

What are primary metabolites?

A

Substances wanted are part of the normal essential function of a microorganism

27
Q

What are secondary metabolites?

A
  • Organism produces substances not essential for normal growth e.g. many pigments so losing it does not harm organism
28
Q

What are the limiting factors of bacterial growth curve?

A
  • Not enough nutrients
  • Build up in toxins
  • Oxygen levels
  • Temperature increase due to lots of respiration
  • CO2 build up
29
Q

What is aseptic technique?

A
  • Wipe desk/work surface with ethanol
  • Wash hands and use hand sanitiser
  • Close windows
30
Q

How to work out serial dilutions?

A
  • Multiply by the dilution factor (e.g. 4 dilutions = 10^4)
31
Q

Why are serial dilutions used for bacterial counting?

A
  • So individual colonies are individual
32
Q

What is the definition of biotechnology?

A
  • Using a microorganism to make a product
33
Q

What is an isolated enzymes?

A

Enzymes separated for an industrial purpose

34
Q

How are enzymes immobilised ?

A

Attached to an inert support system

35
Q

Why are enzymes immobilised?

A
  • Less wasteful-Can be recovered
  • More efficient- Prevents enzymes from contaminating the end product
  • No unwanted side products
  • Maximise efficiency by providing ideal conditions
36
Q

What are the disadvantages of immobilising enzymes?

A
  • Reduced efficiency- Immobilising enzyme may reduce activity rate
  • High initial costs of materials and bioreactor
  • More complex technical issues so harder to fix
37
Q

What are the four methods of immobilising enzymes?

A
  • Absorption to inorganic surfaces- Simple and cheap to do which can be used with many different products
  • Surface immobilisation- Enzymes are strongly bound meaning pH and temperature have little effect
  • Entrapment in matrix- Trapped in polysaccharides or gelatine which is widely applicable
  • Membrane entrapment- In micro capsules simple to do

Biology (26 decks)

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